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GOLM1 / Golgi membrane protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for GOLM1
Plan chromogenic GOLM1 IHC in paraffin sections using its granular cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Select glandular tissue controls and assess staining by cell type (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
GOLM1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Observed granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); cis-Golgi expected (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular cytoplasm in most tissues, including glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02975-3) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Lumenal pH disruption can redistribute GOLM1 via endosomes (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | HBV/HCV infection raises liver expression (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; check epitopes against cytoplasmic and lumenal regions (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended GOLM1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A02975-3). Two published GOLM1 IHC protocols provide prostate and head and neck tissue examples (PMC10071148; PMC9737887).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02975-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02975-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02975-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A02975-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-GOLM1, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A02975-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02975-3) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A02975-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | GOLM1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet: A02975-3); evaluate citrate pH 6.0 if following the published HNSCC protocol (PMC9737887).
Section 2
What Is the Expected GOLM1 Staining Pattern?
GOLM1 is an early Golgi membrane protein with a short cytoplasmic segment and a lumenal region (UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect granular cytoplasmic staining, especially in glandular epithelium and kidney distal tubules (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced, based on agreement between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Granular cytoplasmic staining in stomach or prostate glandular cells, or kidney distal tubules (HPA tissue IHC). | This fits the expected epithelial pattern: HPA reports High staining in those cells (HPA tissue IHC). A granular cytoplasmic readout is compatible with Golgi localization, although chromogenic IHC alone does not prove that individual granules are Golgi structures (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q8NBJ4 subcellular location; general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, with little granular cytoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC expected pattern). | Treat this as a compartment mismatch: HPA describes granular cytoplasmic IHC and Golgi ICC-IF localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Review antibody specificity and slide controls before scoring it as GOLM1; an unexpected compartment alone does not identify the artefact’s cause (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in a cell population HPA lists as not detected, such as adipocytes or cardiomyocytes (HPA tissue IHC). | This conflicts with the reported baseline pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, and compare with a control lacking primary antibody (general IHC practice). Cell identity and tissue context matter: a result for one population should not be generalized to every cell in its organ (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Uniform color across cells and extracellular areas, obscuring granules (HPA tissue IHC expected pattern). | Diffuse background limits interpretation of the expected granular cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Compare background with a no-primary control, then review blocking, washes, antibody concentration and detection conditions; the slide appearance alone does not isolate one cause (general IHC practice). |
| No staining in stomach glandular cells or kidney distal tubules (HPA tissue IHC). | These are reported High IHC populations, so an entirely blank result warrants a workflow check (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Confirm the relevant cells are present and inspect the antibody, retrieval and detection controls before interpreting absence as biological (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected GOLM1 appearanceCall a positive result when glandular epithelial cells or kidney distal tubules show High, granular cytoplasmic staining; predominantly nuclear signal or broad staining in reported negative cell populations calls for control review (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
| Subcellular context | GOLM1 occupies the cis-Golgi network membrane, with residues 1–12 cytoplasmic and 36–401 lumenal (UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology). This supports a Golgi-associated interpretation of granular cytoplasmic staining, without specifying where this antibody binds (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Positive and comparison tissues | HPA reports High staining in stomach and prostate glandular cells and kidney distal tubules; it reports adipocytes and cardiomyocytes as Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Compare the named cell populations, since whole-section staining can contain other cells (general IHC practice). |
| Liver context | UniProt describes low expression in normal liver, constitutive biliary epithelial expression and increased expression in virus-infected liver (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity). Record biliary cells and hepatocytes separately; liver disease context can change the expected hepatocyte result (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity). |
| Antibody evidence | Three listed antibodies have Enhanced HPA IHC status: HPA010638, HPA011929 and CAB015341 (HPA antibodies). This supports the reported tissue pattern but does not establish the specificity or optimal conditions of a different antibody (HPA antibodies; general IHC practice). |
| Molecular features | UniProt lists 2 isoforms and glycosylation sites at residues 109, 144 and 398 (UniProt Q8NBJ4). Without an antibody epitope or target-specific retrieval data, these annotations do not predict a change in IHC staining after processing (UniProt Q8NBJ4; general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q: What localization should appear? | A: Golgi localization is the HPA ICC-IF result, rated Enhanced; images are listed for A-431, U-251MG and U2OS (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). That observation helps interpret compartment, but does not supply an IF/ICC protocol or establish the IHC intensity of those cell lines (HPA subcellular; general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| A reported High control population is blank (HPA tissue IHC). | The cell population may be absent from the viewed area, or an IHC step may have failed; the blank result does not distinguish these possibilities (general IHC practice). | Locate the named cells, then check a working slide control, antibody application, retrieval record and detection reagents (general IHC practice). No GOLM1-specific retrieval condition is supplied (UniProt Q8NBJ4; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Granules are obscured by diffuse chromogen (HPA tissue IHC expected pattern). | Excess background can arise from antibody or detection conditions; appearance alone cannot assign the cause (general IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control and review blocking, washes, dilution and chromogen development one variable at a time (general IHC practice). |
| The dominant signal is nuclear (HPA tissue IHC expected pattern). | Nuclear staining conflicts with the reported Golgi and granular cytoplasmic locations (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Check the positive tissue and no-primary controls; assess whether the signal persists with an independently validated antibody where available (HPA antibodies; general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or cardiomyocytes stain strongly (HPA tissue IHC). | HPA lists those cell populations as Not detected; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Verify cell identity and inspect the no-primary control before assigning the staining to GOLM1 (general IHC practice). |
| A normal liver section shows biliary staining but little hepatocyte signal (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity). | That distribution accords with constitutive biliary expression and low normal-liver expression (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity). | Score biliary cells and hepatocytes separately, and document whether the section is normal or from virus-infected liver (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity; general IHC practice). |
| A glandular positive control stains unevenly (HPA tissue IHC). | Section quality, cell distribution or uneven reagent coverage may contribute; the pattern alone does not establish which (general IHC practice). | Compare intact glandular areas on the same slide, inspect section coverage and repeat with controls if the result remains uninterpretable (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing GOLM1 staining
A02975-3 · IHCIHC analysis of GOLPH2/GOLM1 using anti-GOLPH2/GOLM1 antibody (A02975-3). GOLPH2/GOLM1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human
A02975-3 · IHCIHC analysis of GOLPH2/GOLM1 using anti-GOLPH2/GOLM1 antibody (A02975-3). GOLPH2/GOLM1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human
A02975-3 · IFIF analysis of GOLPH2/GOLM1 using anti-GOLPH2/GOLM1 antibody (A02975-3). GOLPH2/GOLM1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A431
A02975 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of GOLPH2 in rat brain tissue with GOLPH2 antibody at 2.5 μg/mL.
A02975 · IFImmunofluorescence of GOLPH2 in rat brain tissue with GOLPH2 antibody at 20 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000135052-GOLM1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_4211388
HPA · StomachHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Stomach. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000135052-GOLM1/tissue/stomach+1#imid_4211288
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000135052-GOLM1/tissue/colon#imid_4211314
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000135052-GOLM1/tissue/liver#imid_4211315
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA010638; green = GOLM1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA010638; green = GOLM1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for GOLM1 IHC & IF
🧪Run appendix first: glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells). Use esophagus squamous epithelium as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in esophageal squamous epithelial cells); on the appendix slide, compare glandular staining with adjacent nonglandular cells, treating only demonstrably unstained cells as internal negatives.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show GOLM1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Golgi apparatus (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) control, a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control for the rabbit catalog antibody, and a GOLM1 knockout specimen or validated peptide-block control (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody). For the caption’s biotin-based DAB detection, control endogenous peroxidase and biotin background (selected-SKU caption: biotinylated secondary, SABC and DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected A02975-3 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative unreported). That caption uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, but does not establish whether retrieval is required (selected-SKU caption). HPA reports Golgi localization in ICC-IF images, but the supplied evidence does not establish that IF or frozen sections are easier; normal esophageal squamous epithelium is an unsuitable substitute for the caption’s esophageal squamous carcinoma when interpreting staining (HPA: Not detected in esophageal squamous epithelial cells; selected-SKU caption: carcinoma tissue).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for GOLM1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Kidney | Distal tubules | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced GOLM1 IHC Tips
Use the catalog antibody’s paraffin-section evidence and the expected Golgi pattern to troubleshoot GOLM1 chromogenic IHC (datasheet A02975-3; UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology).
Which antigen retrieval conditions should I try first for weak GOLM1 staining?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A02975-3). The reported GOLM1 tissue stain used this retrieval, followed by 10% goat serum blocking and 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A02975-3). If staining is weak, check section attachment, heating consistency and complete paraffin removal before changing retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). Compare adjustments on serial sections with the same antibody incubation and detection settings, using glandular stomach cells as a positive reference (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells; standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by a granular cytoplasmic pattern, not by stronger diffuse color alone (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression).
How can I assess whether fixation is limiting GOLM1 IHC?
The selected tissue caption identifies a paraffin section but does not state its fixative, so GOLM1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A02975-3). Record fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen before comparing stain intensity (standard IHC practice). Where matched material exists, stain serial sections together with the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration reported for this antibody (datasheet A02975-3; standard IHC practice). Include a glandular stomach reference and assess preservation and granular cytoplasmic signal separately (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression). Do not infer a fixation effect from Golgi topology or glycosylation alone (UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology and glycosylation).
What GOLM1 staining pattern is credible in a paraffin section?
Expect granular cytoplasmic staining in positive cells, consistent with GOLM1 at the early Golgi and cis-Golgi network membrane (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; UniProt Q8NBJ4 subcellular location). At routine light-microscope resolution, evaluate whether granules cluster within the cytoplasm rather than requiring a sharply resolved Golgi structure (standard IHC practice). Strong glandular-cell staining is documented in stomach, prostate and gallbladder, whereas normal esophageal squamous epithelium was not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). A paraffin-section image also documents staining in esophageal squamous carcinoma, which should be interpreted separately from the normal-esophagus reference (datasheet A02975-3; HPA: esophageal squamous epithelial cells Not detected). Diffuse nuclear color should prompt a specificity and background check (UniProt Q8NBJ4 subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
Could epitope position or GOLM1 isoforms explain discordant staining?
GOLM1 has 2 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not map its epitope or establish isoform coverage (UniProt Q8NBJ4 isoforms; datasheet A02975-3). Its membrane span is residues 13–35, with residues 1–12 cytoplasmic and 36–401 lumenal (UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology). Glycosylation is annotated at residues 109, 144 and 398, so do not assign an observed retrieval effect to a particular modification without epitope evidence (UniProt Q8NBJ4 glycosylation; standard IHC practice). Compare serial sections and appropriate positive tissue under identical retrieval and detection conditions when antibodies disagree (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells; standard IHC practice). Report disagreement as antibody-dependent until epitope and isoform reactivity are established (standard IHC practice).
How should I cross-check the IHC pattern with multiplex IF?
Use IF as a separate localisation check: GOLM1 is assigned to the Golgi, and positive tissue IHC often appears granular in epithelial cells (HPA: Golgi apparatus; HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity). Multiplex with an epithelial marker such as cytokeratin to identify the expected cell population, while checking each channel for bleed-through (UniProt Q8NBJ4 tissue specificity; standard IF practice). Select a far-red GOLM1 fluorophore if the specimen has strong shorter-wavelength autofluorescence, and include single-channel controls (standard IF practice). For a lumenal epitope, permeabilisation must allow antibody access across the Golgi membrane; the antibody’s epitope side is unreported here (UniProt Q8NBJ4 topology; datasheet A02975-3; standard IF practice). Optimise IF fixation and permeabilisation independently of the paraffin-section caption (datasheet A02975-3; standard IF practice).
What should I check when GOLM1 DAB staining becomes diffuse?
First compare diffuse DAB color with the expected granular cytoplasmic pattern and inspect the no-primary control (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; standard IHC practice). The reported paraffin-section workflow used 10% goat serum, 2 μg/ml rabbit primary overnight at 4°C, a biotinylated secondary and DAB detection (datasheet A02975-3). For excess color, titrate primary antibody and shorten chromogen development on serial sections while keeping retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02975-3; standard IHC practice). A peroxidase block is a general precaution for DAB workflows, especially where endogenous enzyme activity is suspected (standard IHC practice). If using biotin-based detection, check whether endogenous biotin contributes signal before attributing it to GOLM1 (datasheet A02975-3; standard IHC practice).
How should I score heterogeneous GOLM1 staining across sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Score the proportion of positive cells and cytoplasmic intensity within a predefined cell compartment, excluding folds, edges and necrotic areas (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; standard IHC practice). An H-score sums each intensity category’s percentage multiplied by its intensity value and spans 0–300 with 0–3 intensity scoring (standard IHC practice). Record percentage positive separately so a small strongly stained focus is distinguishable from widespread weak staining (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to evaluable cells of the same type, or report positive-cell density per mm² of viable annotated tissue when cell counting is impractical (standard IHC practice). Apply one threshold, retrieval condition and detection run across the comparison set, including a reference section (standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish true GOLM1 staining from artefact?
A credible positive signal is granular and cytoplasmic in an appropriate cell population, consistent with Golgi localisation (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; HPA: Golgi apparatus). Glandular stomach cells provide a documented positive reference, while normal esophageal squamous cells were not detected in the HPA tissue profile (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells; HPA: esophageal squamous epithelial cells Not detected). Interpret the catalog antibody’s esophageal squamous carcinoma image as evidence for that sampled carcinoma, not for normal squamous epithelium (datasheet A02975-3; HPA: esophageal squamous epithelial cells Not detected). Nuclear staining, section-edge color, necrotic deposits or no-primary DAB signal warrant review of morphology and controls (UniProt Q8NBJ4 subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase and biotin contributions when interpreting this biotin-based DAB workflow (datasheet A02975-3; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best GOLM1 / Golgi membrane protein 1 IHC Antibodies
IHC data cover human paraffin sections and rat brain tissue; IF data cover A431 cells and rat brain tissue (catalog image captions). Both antibodies list human, mouse and rat reactivity (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-GOLPH2/GOLM1 Antibody ®
Cat # A02975-3
Real IHC data
Anti-GOLPH2 GOLM1 Antibody
Cat # A02975
A02975-3 will render with human esophageal squamous carcinoma paraffin-section IHC; its separate IF image uses A431 cells (A02975-3 image captions). A02975 will render with rat brain IHC and also has a rat brain IF image (A02975 image captions).
Which to pick: For human paraffin-section IHC, choose A02975-3: its image documents that preparation and 2 μg/mL primary antibody (A02975-3 IHC caption); the fixative is unreported (A02975-3 IHC caption). For cell IF/ICC, A02975-3 has an A431 cell image at 5 μg/mL (A02975-3 IF caption); A02975 also has a rat brain IF image at 20 μg/mL (A02975 IF caption). For rat tissue IHC, choose A02975, which has a rat brain IHC image at 2.5 μg/mL (A02975 IHC caption); both list mouse reactivity, but neither supplied IHC image documents a mouse sample (catalog reactivity and IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q8NBJ4 (GOLM1_HUMAN, Golgi membrane protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. GOLM1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. GOLM1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the Golgi apparatus..
- Human Protein Atlas. GOLM1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Increased GOLM1 Expression Independently Predicts Unfavorable Overall Survival and Recurrence-Free Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center 2018 — PMC6028180.
- Aberrant expression of GOLM1 protects ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma from apoptosis by enhancing BCL-XL stability. Blood advances 2023 — PMC10388734.
- GOLM1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Activating TGFβ1/Smad2 Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Technology in cancer research & treatment 2023 — PMC10071148.
- GOLM1 and FAM49B: Potential Biomarkers in HNSCC Based on Bioinformatics and Immunohistochemical Analysis. International journal of molecular sciences 2022 — PMC9737887.
- PubMed PMID:10831838 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12975309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16303743 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for GOLM1 (Golgi membrane protein 1). Expected localisation Observed granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); cis-Golgi expected (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02975-3). Validated IHC antibody: A02975-3 at 2-5μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02975-3); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02975-3); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02975-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A02975-3); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-GOLM1, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A02975-3); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02975-3). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Lumenal pH disruption can redistribute GOLM1 via endosomes (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; check epitopes against cytoplasmic and lumenal regions (UniProt); Regulation: HBV/HCV infection raises liver expression (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q8NBJ4, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Golgi apparatus., Datasheet A02975-3, PMC10071148, PMC9737887. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/GOLM1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.