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- Table of Contents
Facts about Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | GPNMB |
Uniprot: | Q14956 |
Entrez: | 10457 |
Belongs to: |
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PMEL/NMB family |
DC-HIL; glycoprotein (transmembrane) nmb; glycoprotein NMB; GPNMB; HGFIN; HGFINglycoprotein nmb-like protein; NMBosteoactivin; Osteoactivin; Transmembrane glycoprotein HGFIN; transmembrane glycoprotein NMB
Mass (kDA):
63.923 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 7p15.3 |
Sequence: | 7; NC_000007.14 (23246766..23275110) |
Up-regulated in various cancer cells, including in glioblastoma multiforme. Expressed in many melanoma cells, as well as in tissue macrophages, including liver Kuppfer cells and lung alveolar macrophages, in podocytes and in some cells of the ciliary body of the eye (at protein level). Hardly detectable in healthy brain.
Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Melanosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Early endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Identified by mass spectrometry in melanosome fractions from stage I to stage IV.
This article will focus on the High Incidence Of Methylated GPNMB in advanced adenoma. We will also examine how this marker is related to cell proliferation. We will also discuss Clinical references and applications. These are some of the most effective uses of this marker. We hope that you find this article useful. Enjoy! Best Uses For The GPNMB Marker
The High Incidence Methylated GNMB marker could be used as a substitute marker for advanced adenoma. The gene could assist doctors to identify cancer patients at a high risk of malignancy. Although this marker is highly methylated, it's not enough to distinguish between different types of cancer.
The Nomogram is a combination of eight pathological variables that are readily available to predict the outcome of patients. It was able to achieve a C-index of 0.860 which is higher than the standard seventh AJCC staging system. The High Incidence Methylated GPNMB marker improves existing prognostic models. To investigate the role of cell function in the process of tumor progression The researchers also conducted experiments on cell function with xenograft cancers.
Researchers concluded that the High Incidence Metylated GNMB marker was more often methylated in advanced adenoma cells than in normal colon tissue. In addition the gene was more commonly methylated in patients with advanced adenoma than those with non-advanced adenoma. This suggests that GPNMB promoter-methylation is linked to an increased risk of developing cancer.
The researchers studied 317 STAD patients and found that their expression of GPNMB was strongly associated with the growth of the tumor. The researchers also discovered that GPNMB expression was linked to immune invasion in STAD tumors. This suggests that GPNMB might be a helpful prognostic tool in advanced adenoma. They believe that GPNMB's expression could help patients select specific treatments.
The study also demonstrated epigenetics' significance in the development of colorectal Neoplasia. The increased risk of developing colorectal cancer in African Americans could be due to the methylation of the GPNMB gene. These studies are the first to establish that DNA methylation levels may be related to tumor cell growth in adenomas that are advanced.
In this study, the expression of GPNMB was significantly reduced by miR-30b-3p. In the mouse STAD cell line model, miR-30b-3p level was negatively correlated with GPNMB expression. This correlation was confirmed by an experiment with a fluorescent reporter-gene. The analysis was repeated six times to determine the significance of GPNMB in advanced adenoma.
The recent discovery that DNA methylation levels are tightly associated with cell proliferation is an important breakthrough for the study of neurogenesis. Although this phenomenon was known for a while, researchers just recently began to discover the specifics. The methylation levels of a cell are correlated with its RNA content, its capacity to start transcription, and its role in the nervous system.
The researchers discovered that adult hippocampal neurogenesis which has many similarities with dentate neural progenitors of embryonic origin it is an ongoing process that can be harnessed to help repair damaged brain. In addition, DNA methylation levels were positively related to cell proliferation rate during the G1 phase which suggests that the amount of DNA methylation directly relates to the proliferation of adult CNS cells. The study also demonstrated that DNA methylation levels are highly connected to cell proliferation rates during the G1 stage.
In order to determine whether levels of methylation correlate with cell proliferation, researchers first examined global methylation levels over different phases of the cell cycle. Previous studies revealed that DNA methylation levels were hypermethylated during DNA replication, and recent research revealed a linear relationship between DNA content and the 5 mC signal that occurs during the cell cycle. The authors utilized DNA that was partially replicated in their study, which makes it difficult to determine.
The same analysis was conducted on two cancer cell lines. The study showed that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels did not differ between G1 or S phases. However, it found an inconsistency between the minimum and maximum levels in the G2/M phase. However, this study was limited to cells in the G2/M stage, and it did not provide any specific tissue information.
Furthermore this study also proved that DNA methylation impedes the binding of transcription factors to gene promoter regions, creating silenced states in the chromatin. This is accomplished by some transcription proteins called methyl-CpG binding proteins. Many of these transcription factors, like MBPs, are part of the MBP family that includes the zinc finger/Kaiso family protein and SET/RING domain-associated proteins.
The GPNMB gene and protein are a possible new tool for the detection of cardiovascular disease and prognostication. GPNMB, a product from substance P, works with the NK1 receptor to regulate IL-10/IL-12 levels and boost the activity of mTOR. It also induces multiple chemokines. GPNMB is also involved in the regulation and production of anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
GPNMB is ejected from the plasma membrane however, the exact mechanism for shed is not well understood. The shedding of GPNMB is controlled by ADAM10, which is a member of the MMP family of proteolytic enzymes. The ectodomain of the shed ectodomain is home to the RGD domain which is a bioactive part which plays a part in the promotion of lung cancer cell adhesion. GPNMB is therefore a potential therapy target for lung cancer.
GPNMB is found in all types of cells, but it is particularly abundant in macrophages and monocytes. Microarrays studies have revealed that the expression of GPNMB is significantly increased in BMM when exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. However, there is still an ambiguity regarding the role of GPNMB in inflammation. The present review reviews published studies on GPNMB and identifies the underlying factors that influence the expression of GPNMB.
Although the levels in the bloodstream of GPNMB are high in the bloodstream of patients suffering from advanced TNBC however, they remain stable over time. CDX-011 (eribulin), which was tested in clinical trials of the phase II demonstrated significant antitumor activities. However it is also associated with frequent adverse reactions such as fatigue diarrhea, rash, and neuropathy. The METRIC trial is continuing to examine the possibility of severe toxicities.
The gpNMB protein first isolated from breast cancer cells that have markers for CD44+/CD24-low/Lin. These markers are widely used in the present. However, Glycoprotein NMB is a distinctive BCSC marker that has come to light over the past 10 years. These markers can aid in early detection and prognosis. This marker can be used in your next cancer diagnosis.
GPNMB is one of the numerous biomarkers for colorectal cancer. It has a high percentage of methylation. Thus, methylation status may be a good biomarker for the presence of adenoma. A functional analysis established GPNMB as a tumor suppressor gene. It could also be useful in identifying high-carcinogenic potential adenomas.
In addition, Gpnmb has been identified to be a novel prorepair gene. It regulates the trafficking of cellular debris for degradation. This protein is crucial to repair tissue. The references to the GPNMB Marker in Boster Bio are numerous. Here are a few:
The Gpnmb gene is present in a variety of tissues including the kidney. In the kidney it plays a significant role in tissue repair by controlling the degrading of phagocytosed substances. It is also crucial to recruit autophagy protein LC3 into the phagosome, which leads to large-scale degradation of phagosome's contents. It is crucial to repair tissue.
PMID: 7814155 by Weterman M.A.J., et al. NMB, a novel gene, is expressed in low-metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts.
PMID: 12609765 by Bandari P.S., et al. Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type: a transmembrane protein that is similar to neurokinin 1 interacts with substance P.