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HMGCS1 / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for HMGCS1
Plan chromogenic HMGCS1 IHC on paraffin sections with the catalog antibody at 2–5 μg/mL (datasheet A05313-2). Assess cytoplasmic and nuclear staining while accounting for low consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
HMGCS1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic expected; cytoplasmic/nuclear in tissue (UniProt; HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Selected cells show variable cytoplasmic/nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05313-2) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA show low consistency; verify independently (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Liver-enhanced RNA expression (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms or processing to alter the epitope map (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended HMGCS1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A05313-2). The published option covers prostate tissue microarrays (PMC5686443).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05313-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05313-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05313-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A05313-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-HMGCS1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05313-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05313-2) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A05313-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | HMGCS1-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of varying intensity in selected tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet: A05313-2); the published microwave method specifies 5 min but no buffer (PMC5686443).
Section 2
What Is the Expected HMGCS1 Staining Pattern?
HMGCS1 is a cytoplasmic enzyme with no transmembrane segment or signal peptide (UniProt Q01581). In paraffin-section IHC, expect staining in hepatocytes and gastrointestinal glandular cells, with high staining also reported in esophageal squamous epithelial cells (HPA tissue IHC: High). Nuclear staining can accompany cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC: cytoplasmic and nuclear expression). HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Approved, while reporting low agreement with RNA data and pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC).
| Clear cytoplasmic staining in hepatocytes or colon, duodenal, or stomach glandular cells; some nuclei also stain. | This fits HPA's High staining in those cell types and its description of variable cytoplasmic and nuclear expression (HPA tissue IHC). Compare the named cells within the section; a positive tissue label does not imply that every cell should stain equally (HPA tissue IHC: selected tissues and varying intensity). |
| Signal is confined to extracellular spaces, with little or none in the expected cells. | An extracellular-only pattern conflicts with the cytoplasmic localisation and absence of a signal peptide or transmembrane segment (UniProt Q01581). Check morphology and detection controls before calling it HMGCS1; misplaced chromogen or nonspecific staining is possible (general IHC practice). Nuclear staining alone needs more cautious review because HPA does report a nuclear component (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells stain strongly while the expected positive cells do not. | HPA reports HMGCS1 as Not detected in those cell types (HPA tissue IHC). The mismatch raises concern for antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). It does not prove those mechanisms or establish that every adipocyte or hematopoietic cell is biologically negative (HPA tissue IHC: observational profile). |
| A weak, even haze covers cells and empty areas, obscuring cell borders. | That distribution cannot be scored confidently as the selected-cell cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern reported by HPA (HPA tissue IHC). In chromogenic IHC, incomplete blocking, residual detection reagent, or inadequate washing can produce diffuse background (general IHC practice); assess a no-primary control before interpreting faint staining. |
| Hepatocytes and gastrointestinal glandular cells show no convincing signal. | These are useful positive comparison cells because HPA reports High staining in them (HPA tissue IHC). First consider section quality and assay performance (general IHC practice). A negative result in one run does not overturn the tissue profile, particularly given HPA's reported low staining–RNA agreement and pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected HMGCS1 appearanceCall the result consistent when hepatocytes or gastrointestinal glandular cells show distinct, often strong cytoplasmic staining with possible nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC: High; cytoplasmic and nuclear); broad extracellular deposit or strong staining confined to HPA Not detected cell types warrants investigation (UniProt Q01581; HPA tissue IHC).
| Cell compartment and topology | UniProt places HMGCS1 in the cytoplasm and lists no signal peptide or transmembrane segment (UniProt Q01581). HPA tissue IHC also reports variable nuclear expression (HPA tissue IHC). Evaluate cytoplasmic signal first while recording any nuclear component; the sources do not require one fixed cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio. |
| Choice of comparison cells | Hepatocytes, gastrointestinal glandular cells, and esophageal squamous epithelial cells are reported High, whereas adipocytes and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells are Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Use these named cell populations when judging selectivity; do not treat the entire organ as a uniform positive or negative control. |
| Strength of the tissue evidence | The tissue IHC reliability is Approved, but HPA reports low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression and says external verification is pending (HPA tissue IHC). Interpret an unexpected distribution as a reason to check controls and independent evidence, rather than as proof of a new HMGCS1 expression pattern. |
| Processing and epitope assumptions | UniProt lists a single 1–520 chain, no propeptide, and no annotated isoforms for this record (UniProt Q01581). It also lists modified residues (UniProt Q01581). These annotations do not identify the antibody epitope or establish a retrieval condition or target-specific fixation sensitivity; optimize those variables using assay controls (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q: What compartment should appear in the separate IF/ICC guide? | A: HPA reports supported nucleoplasm and cytosol localisation, with additional plasma-membrane localisation, in ICC-IF images (HPA subcellular). The two listed antibodies with ICC ratings are Uncertain, while their IHC ratings are Approved (HPA antibodies: HPA036913, HPA036914). These ICC observations should not be substituted for this paraffin-section IHC pattern. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No staining in a hepatocyte or gastrointestinal glandular positive comparison. | Assay failure, weak detection, or unsuitable retrieval is possible (general IHC practice); these cells are reported High (HPA tissue IHC). | Check section integrity, staining controls, and the IHC-validated antibody's established paraffin-section procedure; repeat with a documented positive section (general IHC practice). Do not infer HMGCS1 absence from a failed control. |
| Nuclear staining appears alongside a clear cytoplasmic signal. | HPA describes both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in selected tissues (HPA tissue IHC). | Record each compartment and compare the named cell types with the HPA pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Investigate only if the distribution, controls, or tissue morphology is inconsistent (general IHC practice). |
| Extracellular deposits dominate the slide. | That pattern conflicts with UniProt's cytoplasmic localisation and lack of a signal peptide or transmembrane segment (UniProt Q01581); detection artifact is possible (general IHC practice). | Inspect a no-primary control, reagent carryover, and washing; then reassess whether signal is intracellular and follows intact cell morphology (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells stain strongly. | HPA reports Not detected in those cells (HPA tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity could account for the discrepancy (general IHC practice). | Compare with a no-primary control and appropriate detection controls, and check whether an HPA High cell population stains as expected (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| The whole section has a diffuse brown haze. | Nonselective background can arise from blocking, washing, or detection steps in chromogenic IHC (general IHC practice). | Review no-primary and detection controls; adjust blocking, antibody concentration, washing, and development time within the validated assay workflow (general IHC practice). Score only cell-associated staining that remains distinguishable from background. |
| A low-staining tissue disagrees with RNA expectations or another assay. | HPA reports low consistency between its antibody staining and RNA expression data, with external verification pending (HPA tissue IHC). | Document the tissue, cell type, compartment, and controls; compare independent evidence before assigning a new positive or negative pattern (general IHC practice). Keep the HPA observation separate from any claim of confirmed absence. |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing HMGCS1 staining
A05313-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HMGCS1 using anti-HMGCS1 antibody (A05313-2). HMGCS1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human esophageal squamou
A05313-2 · IHCIHC analysis of HMGCS1 using anti-HMGCS1 antibody (A05313-2). HMGCS1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human gall bladder adeno
A05313-2 · IFIF analysis of HMGCS1 using anti-HMGCS1 antibody (A05313-2). HMGCS1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme anti
A05313-1 · IHCFormalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma reacted with HMGCS1 Antibody (Center), which was peroxidase-conjugated to the seco
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112972-HMGCS1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_9112588
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112972-HMGCS1/tissue/colon#imid_9120074
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112972-HMGCS1/tissue/liver#imid_9120067
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000112972-HMGCS1/tissue/kidney#imid_9120076
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA036913; green = HMGCS1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA036913; green = HMGCS1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for HMGCS1 IHC & IF
🧪Run esophagus first: squamous epithelial cells should stain (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells). Use heart muscle as the negative tissue; cardiomyocytes are listed as not detected (HPA: Not detected in cardiomyocytes). On the esophageal slide, use adjacent stroma and acellular areas to check background, without assuming that an unlisted stromal cell type is HMGCS1-negative.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show HMGCS1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and matched rabbit IgG isotype controls (selected-SKU caption: rabbit primary antibody), plus HMGCS1 knockout tissue or a validated peptide-block control. For chromogenic detection, block endogenous peroxidase and check for endogenous biotin when using the caption’s streptavidin–biotin detection system (selected-SKU caption: SABC with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: The selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative, and the supplied evidence reports no target-specific fixation window or fixation effect (selected-SKU caption: fixative unreported). Heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used for the pictured esophageal carcinoma section; optimize retrieval for the chosen control tissue rather than treating that result as proof of a universal requirement (selected-SKU caption: EDTA retrieval, pH 8.0). The evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier; in esophagus, check whether DAB background obscures the squamous-cell signal (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells; selected-SKU caption: DAB detection).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for HMGCS1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Hepatocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced HMGCS1 IHC Tips
Use the catalog antibody’s tissue result as the starting point for HMGCS1 IHC, and interpret compartment and cell type with appropriate controls.
Which retrieval conditions should I start with for HMGCS1 paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A05313-2). The catalog antibody detected HMGCS1 in a paraffin section of human esophageal squamous carcinoma after that retrieval (datasheet A05313-2). Process a control section alongside each run, and compare cytoplasmic signal with the no-primary control before increasing retrieval intensity (standard IHC practice; UniProt Q01581: cytoplasm). If staining is weak, adjust heating time in a controlled series while holding the antibody concentration at the reported 2 μg/ml (standard IHC practice; datasheet A05313-2). Excessive retrieval can damage tissue morphology and make compartment scoring unreliable (standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot fixation-related loss of HMGCS1 staining?
The selected tissue caption reports a paraffin section but does not state its fixative, so HMGCS1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A05313-2). Record each specimen’s fixative and fixation duration, then compare sections processed under matched conditions before attributing weak staining to fixation (standard IHC practice). Use the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration as controlled starting conditions (datasheet A05313-2). Preserve morphology while testing one processing variable at a time, because damaged or uneven sections complicate comparisons (standard IHC practice). Neither the tissue staining profile nor the protein annotation establishes a target-specific fixation effect (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q01581: protein annotation).
Should nuclear HMGCS1 staining count as a positive IHC result?
Score cytoplasmic staining separately because UniProt places HMGCS1 in the cytoplasm (UniProt Q01581: subcellular location). Nuclear staining merits examination rather than automatic rejection: tissue IHC describes variable cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, and subcellular imaging supports nucleoplasmic and cytosolic localisation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; HPA: subcellular profile). Compare nuclear signal with no-primary and detection-reagent controls, then check whether it follows cell boundaries rather than tissue damage (standard IHC practice). Report the fraction of cells with each pattern instead of combining compartments into one positive score (standard IHC practice). Interpret a predominantly nuclear result cautiously because HPA flags low agreement between staining and RNA data (HPA: reliability description).
How can I assess an unexpected staining pattern when the antibody epitope is unknown?
The supplied record annotates 0 isoforms and a single 1–520 protein chain; it does not map this antibody’s epitope (UniProt Q01581: isoforms and processing; datasheet A05313-2: caption). Therefore, do not assign a staining difference to a specific isoform or modified residue without independent epitope evidence (standard IHC interpretation). Document retrieval, staining compartment and specimen processing before comparing patterns across slides (standard IHC practice). Phosphorylation and acetylation sites are annotated, but their effect on this antibody’s tissue staining is unreported (UniProt Q01581: modified residues; datasheet A05313-2: caption). If available, compare an independently validated antibody against another epitope on adjacent sections (standard IHC practice).
How should I assess HMGCS1 localisation by IF alongside this IHC study?
On the separate IF/ICC workflow, pair HMGCS1 with a marker for the cell population being assessed, such as an epithelial marker when examining esophageal epithelium (HPA: high staining in esophageal squamous epithelial cells; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after inspecting unstained tissue autofluorescence, and include single-stain controls to assess spectral overlap (standard IF practice). Permeabilise for access to intracellular epitopes because HMGCS1 is annotated as cytoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q01581: localisation and topology; standard IF practice). Its exact antibody epitope is unreported, so optimise permeabilisation against morphology and signal rather than assuming an epitope position (datasheet A05313-2: caption; standard IF practice). Compare cytosolic and nucleoplasmic patterns separately (HPA: subcellular profile).
What should I check when HMGCS1 DAB staining is diffuse or widespread?
First compare the stained section with no-primary and detection-reagent controls to locate background introduced by the chromogenic workflow (standard IHC practice). The reported method used 10% goat serum, biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary, streptavidin-biotin detection and DAB (datasheet A05313-2). Check peroxidase blocking and, with this detection chemistry, assess endogenous biotin using appropriate controls (standard IHC practice). If background persists, optimise washing and primary concentration around the reported 2 μg/ml while keeping retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 (standard IHC practice; datasheet A05313-2). Judge residual signal by cell type and compartment, since HMGCS1 expression varies across tissues (HPA: tissue IHC profile).
How should I quantify HMGCS1 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because tissue IHC reports variable cytoplasmic and nuclear staining (HPA: tissue IHC profile). For cytoplasmic DAB, record the percentage of positive eligible cells and intensity, or use an H-score from 0–300 with prespecified intensity bins (standard IHC scoring practice). For spatial comparisons, report positive cells per mm² of viable tissue and exclude folds or necrotic regions consistently (standard IHC scoring practice). Normalise counts to the number of eligible cells or measured viable area, and apply identical thresholds across sections (standard IHC scoring practice). Keep nuclear scores separate and report control performance alongside group comparisons (standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish credible HMGCS1 staining from artefact?
A credible result has reproducible cellular staining in the assessed compartment and a clean no-primary control (standard IHC practice). Cytoplasmic signal is expected from the protein annotation, while nucleoplasmic staining also has subcellular support; assess these patterns separately (UniProt Q01581: cytoplasm; HPA: subcellular profile). Check whether staining matches the examined cell population: HPA reports high signal in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and no detection in adipocytes (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Discount edge accentuation, necrotic regions and diffuse signal associated with inadequate endogenous peroxidase blocking when evaluating DAB sections (standard IHC practice). Avoid calling an isolated pattern definitive, because HPA reports low agreement between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability description).
Boster reagents
Best HMGCS1 / Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic IHC Antibodies
Anti-HMGCS1 antibodies have human tissue IHC images and A431 cell IF data (catalog image captions); listed reactivity spans human, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-HMGCS1 Antibody ®
Cat # A05313-2
Real IHC data
Anti-HMGCS1 Antibody (Center)
Cat # A05313-1
A05313-2 will render with an IHC image from a human esophageal squamous carcinoma paraffin section; its separate IF image uses A431 cells (A05313-2 image captions). A05313-1 will render with an IHC image from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma (A05313-1 IHC image caption).
Which to pick: For human tissue IHC, choose A05313-2 for its documented paraffin-section procedure; its image caption does not report the fixative (A05313-2 IHC image caption). For IF/ICC, choose A05313-2, which lists both applications and has an A431 cell IF image (A05313-2 applications and IF image caption). For cross-species IHC, A05313-1 lists human and mouse reactivity, while monoclonal M05313 lists human, mouse and rat; the supplied IHC image documents human tissue for A05313-1, and none is supplied for M05313 (catalog reactivity, clone and IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q01581 (HMCS1_HUMAN, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic).
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition localized to the plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. HMGCS1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Stromal regulation of prostate cancer cell growth by mevalonate pathway enzymes HMGCS1 and HMGCR. Oncology letters 2017 — PMC5686443.
- [Inhibition of Lung Squamous Cancer Target HMGCS1 Promotes Cellular Ferroptosis]. Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer 2024 — PMC11183314.
- Alteration of Cholesterol Metabolism by Metformin Is Associated With Improved Outcome in Type II Diabetic Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Frontiers in oncology 2021 — PMC8236717.
- ERRα Up-Regulates Invadopodia Formation by Targeting HMGCS1 to Promote Endometrial Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. International journal of molecular sciences 2023 — PMC9964422.
- PubMed PMID:1358203 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:7913309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for HMGCS1 (Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic expected; cytoplasmic/nuclear in tissue (UniProt; HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05313-2). Validated IHC antibody: A05313-2 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human esophageal squamous carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05313-2); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05313-2); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05313-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A05313-2); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-HMGCS1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05313-2); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05313-2). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining and RNA show low consistency; verify independently (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms or processing to alter the epitope map (UniProt); Regulation: Liver-enhanced RNA expression (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt Q01581, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition…, Datasheet A05313-2, PMC5686443. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/HMGCS1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.