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NDUFS2 / NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for NDUFS2
Plan NDUFS2 chromogenic IHC in paraffin sections using its granular cytoplasmic tissue profile and an IHC-validated antibody (HPA tissue IHC; datasheet A05618-3). Compare stained cell types with documented positive and undetected populations while keeping fixation and scoring consistent (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
NDUFS2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Granular cytoplasm in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Many cell types show granular cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05618-3) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A05618-3) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA expression show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No specific regulator annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope differences unreported (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended NDUFS2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet: A05618-3). Published NDUFS2 IHC protocols cover tissue, mouse xenograft tumors, and rat brain (PMC7446242; PMC11039712; PMC8374556).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05618-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05618-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05618-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A05618-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-NDUFS2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05618-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05618-3) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A05618-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | NDUFS2-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet: A05618-3); the rat brain protocol also specifies EDTA retrieval under pressure (PMC8374556).
Section 2
What Is the Expected NDUFS2 Staining Pattern?
NDUFS2 is a Complex I subunit at the mitochondrial inner membrane, with no annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt O75306 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect granular cytoplasmic staining, including in cardiomyocytes, neurons and several glandular or epithelial cell types reported as High (HPA tissue IHC). HPA describes the overall tissue pattern as ubiquitous, but rates its antibody staining versus RNA consistency as medium (HPA tissue IHC: Enhanced reliability).
| Granular cytoplasmic signal in heart-muscle cardiomyocytes or cerebellar Purkinje cells. | This matches the expected tissue and compartment pattern: both cell types are High by HPA tissue IHC, and NDUFS2 belongs to mitochondrial Complex I (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O75306 function). Judge the cellular pattern alongside a no-primary control, since chromogen deposits alone do not establish target specificity (general chromogenic IHC practice). |
| Strong, predominantly nuclear or cell-surface staining with little granular cytoplasmic signal. | That compartment pattern conflicts with the HPA granular cytoplasmic IHC profile and UniProt mitochondrial inner-membrane assignment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O75306 subcellular location). Treat it as suspect staining and review controls and antibody specificity before scoring it as NDUFS2 (general IHC practice). |
| Prominent staining in adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells while expected positive cells are weak. | HPA reports NDUFS2 as Not detected in those cell types, so this pattern raises concern for cross-reactivity or detection-system activity (HPA tissue IHC; general chromogenic IHC practice). A Not detected HPA result is an assay observation, however, and does not prove absolute protein absence. |
| Uniform brown haze across cells, stroma or the section edge, without resolvable cytoplasmic granules. | This does not reproduce HPA's granular cytoplasmic profile (HPA tissue IHC). Excess background can arise from nonspecific antibody binding, incomplete blocking or detection chemistry; compare a no-primary control and assess whether the haze tracks tissue features (general chromogenic IHC practice). |
| No signal in heart-muscle cardiomyocytes or another HPA High reference cell type. | An entirely blank expected-positive area makes the IHC run or antibody conditions questionable, although HPA's High rating does not guarantee every specimen will stain (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Check the reference tissue, detection controls and documented antibody conditions before interpreting a study specimen as negative. |
💡Expected NDUFS2 appearanceCall a positive result when discrete granular cytoplasmic staining is evident in an HPA High cell type, such as cardiomyocytes; predominantly nuclear, surface or uniform background staining is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O75306 subcellular location).
| Compartment and topology | NDUFS2 is assigned to the mitochondrial inner membrane, with no annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt O75306 topology). HPA IHC describes granules in cytoplasm; its microscopy profile does not resolve the inner membrane itself (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Cell-type selection | Heart-muscle cardiomyocytes, cortical neurons and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells are High; adipocytes in adipose tissue are Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Compare named cell populations, since a whole-section average can obscure the reported contrast (general IHC interpretation). |
| Antibody evidence | HPA lists HPA055140 as IHC Enhanced and HPA061953 as IHC Supported; the tissue profile has Enhanced reliability with medium staining-versus-RNA consistency (HPA antibody validation; HPA tissue IHC). These labels support a starting expectation, not a guarantee for another antibody or specimen. |
| Processing and isoforms | UniProt annotates a chain spanning residues 34–463 and two isoforms, but the payload gives no epitope for the chosen antibody (UniProt O75306 processing and isoforms). Do not predict which isoform or processed form its stain distinguishes without antibody-specific evidence. |
| IF/ICC Q&A | Q: Should IF/ICC show the same location? A: HPA's approved main ICC-IF location is mitochondria; it also reports calyx and connecting-piece staining (HPA subcellular). Those IF observations do not establish a paraffin IHC protocol or expected staining in every tissue. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected-positive tissue has no detectable chromogen. | The run may have a reagent, detection or antibody-condition problem; HPA reports High cardiomyocyte and Purkinje-cell staining but does not establish a universal signal threshold (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Inspect a known-positive section and detection control, then verify the chosen IHC-validated antibody's documented retrieval and dilution conditions before judging the study tissue (general IHC practice). |
| Signal is mainly nuclear or along cell borders. | The distribution conflicts with mitochondrial localization and the granular cytoplasmic IHC profile (UniProt O75306 subcellular location; HPA tissue IHC). | Compare with a no-primary control and an HPA High cell type; reassess antibody specificity if the compartment mismatch persists (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Brown deposits appear broadly, including where HPA reports Not detected cells. | Nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity can produce apparent positives in chromogenic IHC; HPA lists adipose-tissue adipocytes as Not detected (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). | Review blocking and the detection-system control; score distinct cells against their HPA reference pattern rather than assigning every brown deposit to NDUFS2 (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Granules are present, but a diffuse brown veil makes them hard to score. | Background can obscure a granular pattern through nonspecific binding or overly strong detection conditions (general chromogenic IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC profile). | Compare no-primary and positive-reference sections, then optimize the IHC-validated antibody and detection conditions using their documented starting settings (general IHC practice). |
| A study section stains less strongly than an HPA High example. | HPA High is a reported cell-type observation, while its overall tissue-IHC reliability description notes medium agreement between staining and RNA (HPA tissue IHC). Intensity alone cannot establish loss of NDUFS2. | Compare the same cell type with a reference section processed in the same run, and assess pattern, controls and morphology together (general IHC practice). |
| An IF image seems to disagree with the paraffin IHC slide. | HPA assigns mitochondria as the approved main ICC-IF location, whereas its tissue-IHC description is granular cytoplasmic staining; these are different readouts (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Evaluate each image against its application-specific HPA pattern and controls; do not transfer an ICC-IF localization observation into an IHC protocol decision (HPA subcellular; general IHC/IF practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing NDUFS2 staining
A05618-3 · IHCIHC analysis of NDUFS2 using anti-NDUFS2 antibody (A05618-3). NDUFS2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer tissu
A05618-3 · IHCIHC analysis of NDUFS2 using anti-NDUFS2 antibody (A05618-3). NDUFS2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tiss
A05618-3 · IFIF analysis of NDUFS2 using anti-NDUFS2 antibody (A05618-3). NDUFS2 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of CACO-2 cells. Enzyme an
M05618-1 · IHCIHC analysis of NDUF-S2 using anti-NDUF-S2 antibody (M05618-1). NDUF-S2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colon cancer ti
M05618-1 · IHCIHC analysis of NDUF-S2 using anti-NDUF-S2 antibody (M05618-1). NDUF-S2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse testis tissue.
A05618-1 · IHCNDUFS2 Antibody (Center) (Cat. #A05618-1) IHC analysis in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded hepatocarcinoma followed by peroxidase conjug
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000158864-NDUFS2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_18174239
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000158864-NDUFS2/tissue/colon#imid_18174173
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000158864-NDUFS2/tissue/liver#imid_18174182
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000158864-NDUFS2/tissue/kidney#imid_18174167
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA055140; green = NDUFS2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA055140; green = NDUFS2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for NDUFS2 IHC & IF
🧪Run colon first: glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in colon glandular cells). Use adipose tissue as a negative comparator, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipose adipocytes); within the colon slide, unstained nonglandular cells should show only background chromogen, but their target-negative status needs independent validation (standard IHC practice).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show NDUFS2 in A-431, HeLa, U2OS, HEK293, MCF-7, Sperm, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and clonality-matched rabbit isotype controls, plus NDUFS2 knockout material or immunizing-peptide competition if available (selected IHC caption: rabbit primary; standard IHC practice). Check colon sections for endogenous peroxidase activity and block it before HRP/DAB detection (selected IHC caption: HRP/DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected A05618-3 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected IHC caption). That caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, so retrieval is part of the documented workflow; its necessity relative to other retrieval conditions is unreported (selected IHC caption). The supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier; assess colon background from endogenous peroxidase when interpreting chromogenic staining (selected IHC caption: paraffin-section HRP/DAB; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for NDUFS2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Purkinje cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cervix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced NDUFS2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot NDUFS2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, tissue processing, mitochondrial localisation, controls, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval should I try first if NDUFS2 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A05618-3). The selected tissue image used that retrieval before an overnight incubation at 4°C with 2 μg/ml primary antibody (datasheet A05618-3). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval duration or heating intensity on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration and detection conditions constant; inspect morphology for damage. Judge the result by granular cytoplasmic staining in an appropriate positive control, such as heart muscle cardiomyocytes (HPA: High in cardiomyocytes; HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern).
Can fixation explain weak or uneven NDUFS2 staining?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state its fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A05618-3: fixative not stated). Record each block’s fixative, fixation duration, and processing history, then compare sections processed alike before changing retrieval or primary antibody concentration. Uneven fixation or processing can produce patchy chromogenic staining; inspect section morphology and use an internal tissue control when assessing that possibility. Keep the documented pH 8.0 EDTA retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration constant during this comparison (datasheet A05618-3), and avoid attributing a difference to NDUFS2 without matched processing evidence.
Where should convincing NDUFS2 staining appear in an IHC section?
Expect a granular cytoplasmic pattern in positive cells (HPA: ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern), consistent with mitochondrial localisation (HPA: mitochondria; UniProt O75306: mitochondrial inner membrane). NDUFS2 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so a crisp cell-surface outline alone would be difficult to reconcile with its recorded location (UniProt O75306: topology). Compare suspected signal with neighbouring cell types and a positive-control section, such as heart muscle with highly stained cardiomyocytes (HPA: High in cardiomyocytes). If staining is predominantly nuclear, diffuse across empty spaces, or confined to section edges, reassess morphology, background controls, and DAB development before scoring it as NDUFS2.
Could isoforms or epitope accessibility change the IHC pattern?
NDUFS2 has 2 annotated isoforms, and its recorded mature chain spans residues 34–463 (UniProt O75306: isoforms and processing). Acetylation at residue 62 and methylation at residue 118 are annotated, but the supplied evidence does not identify this antibody’s epitope or establish whether either modification affects recognition (UniProt O75306: modified residues; datasheet A05618-3: epitope not supplied). Check the antibody’s stated immunogen or epitope before claiming isoform-specific staining, and compare serial sections under the same pH 8.0 EDTA retrieval (datasheet A05618-3). An altered staining pattern alone cannot distinguish epitope accessibility from a change in protein abundance.
How can I cross-check a chromogenic NDUFS2 pattern with IF?
Use IF as a separate localisation check: NDUFS2 is mainly mitochondrial in subcellular imaging (HPA: mitochondria), while tissue IHC shows granular cytoplasmic staining (HPA: tissue profile). Multiplex with a mitochondrial marker and a marker identifying the expected cell type, then compare their patterns within individual cells rather than relying on overlapping tissue regions. Select fluorophores after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence in unstained sections, and include single-channel controls to assess bleed-through. Because NDUFS2 is assigned to the mitochondrial inner membrane without an annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt O75306: localisation and topology), establish the antibody’s epitope before choosing permeabilisation conditions or assigning it to a membrane side.
How do I reduce diffuse DAB or peroxidase background?
First compare a no-primary control with the stained section to separate antibody-dependent signal from detection background. The selected tissue example used a 10% goat-serum block, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C before DAB development (datasheet A05618-3). Use an endogenous peroxidase block as a general chromogenic IHC step, and check whether shortening DAB development reduces diffuse colour without erasing granular cytoplasmic signal. Examine pigment, folds, and tissue edges under the counterstain before treating brown deposits as NDUFS2; the expected tissue pattern is granular and cytoplasmic (HPA: tissue profile).
How should I score heterogeneous NDUFS2 staining across a section? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and viable tissue area before scoring, then exclude folds, necrosis, and section edges using the same rules for every specimen. Within that population, record the percentage of cells at intensity levels 0–3 and calculate an H-score on a 0–300 scale, or report percentage positive when intensity grading is unreliable. Normalise cell counts to the number of evaluable cells, or stained area to viable tissue area in mm², and keep DAB development and image settings matched. Report cell type alongside the score: tissue IHC is granular and cytoplasmic, and staining levels vary among annotated cell populations (HPA: tissue profile).
When is a brown signal convincing evidence of NDUFS2 expression?
A convincing positive is reproducible granular cytoplasmic staining in intact cells, consistent with the tissue pattern and mitochondrial location (HPA: tissue profile; HPA: mitochondria; UniProt O75306: mitochondrial inner membrane). Compare it with a positive-control population such as cardiomyocytes, reported as highly stained, and interpret a negative population in its own tissue context (HPA: High in cardiomyocytes; HPA: variable tissue staining). Treat isolated nuclear colour, extracellular deposits, necrotic areas, and edge-restricted staining as suspect until morphology and controls support them. A no-primary section helps identify detection background, while peroxidase blocking helps assess endogenous enzyme activity; neither control alone proves target identity.
Boster reagents
Best NDUFS2 / NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial IHC Antibodies
The catalog shows NDUFS2 IHC in human cancer sections and mouse and rat testis sections (catalog IHC captions), plus IF in CACO-2 cells and rat cardiac muscle (A05618-3 IF captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-NDUFS2 Antibody ®
Cat # A05618-3
Real IHC data
Anti-NDUFS2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M05618-1
Real IHC data
Anti-NDUFS2 Antibody (Center)
Cat # A05618-1
A05618-3 has paraffin-section IHC images from human liver, breast, colorectal and endometrial cancers, plus IF images from CACO-2 cells, human liver cancer and rat cardiac muscle (A05618-3 image captions); M05618-1 has paraffin-section IHC images from human colon cancer and mouse and rat testis (M05618-1 image captions). A05618-1 has a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatocarcinoma IHC image; the caption does not report the species (A05618-1 IHC caption).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, A05618-3 has several human paraffin-section examples with EDTA retrieval, although their fixative is unreported (A05618-3 IHC captions); choose A05618-1 when a documented paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded example is useful (A05618-1 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose A05618-3: both applications are listed, with a 5 μg/ml recommendation and IF images from cells and tissue (A05618-3 catalog and IF captions). For cross-species tissue IHC, M05618-1 is a rabbit monoclonal with human, mouse and rat reactivity and paraffin-section images in all three species after EDTA retrieval; the captions do not report the fixative (M05618-1 catalog and IHC captions). The selected A05618-3 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image A05618-3).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O75306 (NDUS2_HUMAN, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial).
- Human Protein Atlas. NDUFS2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. NDUFS2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the calyx and connecting piece..
- Human Protein Atlas. NDUFS2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Targeting NAD(+)/PARP DNA Repair Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to SDHB-Mutated Cluster I Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2018 — PMC7446242.
- OTUB1/NDUFS2 axis promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis through protecting against mitochondrial cell death. Cell death discovery 2024 — PMC11039712.
- Protein profiling identified mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic abnormalities after dexamethasone intervention in rats with traumatic brain injury. Neural regeneration research 2021 — PMC8374556.
- Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Derivatives as Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Agents via Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration and Disruption of Cellular Metabolism. Cancers 2025 — PMC12784929.
- PubMed PMID:9647766 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9585441 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for NDUFS2 (NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial). Expected localisation Granular cytoplasm in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05618-3). Validated IHC antibody: A05618-3 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05618-3); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05618-3); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05618-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A05618-3); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-NDUFS2, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A05618-3); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05618-3). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A05618-3); Caveat: Staining and RNA expression show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope differences unreported (UniProt); Regulation: No specific regulator annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt O75306, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A05618-3, PMC7446242, PMC11039712. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/NDUFS2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.