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PDHA1 / Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for PDHA1
Plan PDHA1 staining in paraffin sections using the granular cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC) and mitochondrial matrix location (UniProt) to set expectations. This guide covers fixation consistency, chromogenic detection and scoring by cell type.
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
PDHA1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Tissue: granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); PDHA1: mitochondrial matrix (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular cytoplasmic staining in most cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01906-4) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin-section comparison groups. (selected-SKU IHC image A01906-4) | |
| Caveat | HPA staining may detect protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Muscle/tongue RNA is tissue-enhanced (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 4 isoforms; map the antibody epitope across them (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended PDHA1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: A01906-4) is accompanied by two published prostate cancer section protocols (PMC12949121; PMC5355102).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human appendix carcinoid tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01906-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01906-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01906-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01906-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-PDHA1, 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (datasheet A01906-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01906-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01906-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | PDHA1-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Granular cytoplasmic expression in most cell types. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet: A01906-4).
Section 2
What Is the Expected PDHA1 Staining Pattern?
PDHA1 localises to the mitochondrial matrix and has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P08559). In paraffin sections, expect granular cytoplasmic staining in most cell types, with high staining in several glandular and neuronal populations (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Approved, reports medium agreement with RNA data, and cautions that its staining evidence includes antibodies targeting proteins from more than one gene (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Granular cytoplasmic stain in adrenal gland or breast glandular cells, or in cerebral cortex neurons (HPA: High in these cells). | This fits the reported tissue pattern and a mitochondrial matrix protein (HPA: granular cytoplasmic expression; UniProt P08559). Judge the granules within identified cells, allowing unstained nuclei and differences in staining between cell populations (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear, membranous or extracellular stain, with little granular cytoplasmic signal. | Those compartments do not match PDHA1's matrix location or HPA's tissue pattern (UniProt P08559; HPA: tissue IHC). Treat the result as suspect and review controls and morphology before assigning it to PDHA1 (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining mainly in alveolar cells, adipocytes or chondrocytes, while an expected high-staining population is weak (HPA: Low versus High cells). | This reversal warrants a specificity check; HPA reports Low staining in those populations and cautions about antibodies targeting multiple genes (HPA: tissue IHC). Broad PDHA1 expression means staining outside the High list is not automatically false (UniProt: ubiquitous). |
| Diffuse stain covers cells and surrounding section without discernible cytoplasmic granules. | The appearance does not reproduce HPA's granular cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). Review nonspecific antibody staining and chromogen background with appropriate controls; a uniform haze cannot establish the intracellular compartment (general IHC practice). |
| No staining in adrenal gland glandular cells or cerebral cortex neurons that are identifiable on the section (HPA: High). | A negative result there conflicts with the reported High staining, but alone cannot distinguish a technical failure from antibody specificity or specimen variation (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Review a known-positive control before scoring the specimen negative. |
💡Expected PDHA1 appearanceCall a positive result when identified glandular or neuronal cells show convincing granular cytoplasmic staining, potentially strong in HPA High populations; isolated nuclear or membrane colour and section-wide haze are suspect (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt P08559; general IHC practice).
| Compartment and tissue context (UniProt P08559; HPA: tissue IHC) | PDHA1 is a matrix protein with no transmembrane segment; HPA describes granular cytoplasmic staining in most cell types. Use cell morphology to assign colour to cytoplasm rather than to adjacent structures (UniProt P08559; HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Expression range (UniProt: ubiquitous; HPA: tissue IHC) | HPA lists High staining in selected glandular and neuronal cells and Low staining in alveolar cells, adipocytes and chondrocytes. These are relative reference patterns, so Low is not a negative control and an unlisted cell type has no assigned HPA level here (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: antibodies) | Three listed antibodies have Approved IHC status, while HPA reports medium agreement with RNA data and cautions about multi-gene targeting. An expected pattern supports interpretation but does not by itself prove PDHA1-specific binding (HPA: tissue IHC; HPA: antibodies). |
| Mature chain, isoforms and modifications (UniProt P08559) | UniProt lists a mature chain at residues 30–390, four isoforms and modified residues including phosphorylation and acetylation. The supplied evidence does not locate the catalog antibody's epitope, so its response to those sequence or modification differences is unknown (UniProt P08559). |
| IF/ICC: where should signal appear? (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF) | HPA supports a mainly mitochondrial location in ICC-IF, consistent with UniProt's matrix assignment. HPA also cautions that this localisation evidence uses antibodies targeting proteins from multiple genes; interpret it as localisation guidance for the separate IF/ICC guide (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; UniProt P08559). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive glandular or neuronal tissue lacks stain (HPA: High in listed cells). | The result does not match HPA's reported pattern; the staining run or specimen may have failed (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Check a known-positive section processed in the same run, then review retrieval and detection steps against the IHC-validated antibody's instructions before interpreting a negative specimen (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclei stain more strongly than cytoplasmic granules. | Predominantly nuclear colour conflicts with the expected matrix location and granular cytoplasmic pattern (UniProt P08559; HPA: tissue IHC). | Compare with a no-primary control and inspect cell boundaries and counterstain; score only convincing cytoplasmic signal as the expected pattern (general IHC practice). |
| Broad brown haze obscures tissue detail. | Diffuse background prevents assessment of HPA's granular pattern; nonspecific staining or detection background is possible (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control, review blocking and washes, and adjust detection conditions according to the validated IHC workflow (general IHC practice). |
| Colour appears in the no-primary control. | Primary-antibody binding cannot explain colour in that control; endogenous activity or detection reagents may contribute (general IHC practice). | Review the chromogenic detection controls and the applicable endogenous-activity blocking step before attributing tissue colour to PDHA1 (general IHC practice). |
| Low-reference cells are strongly stained while High-reference cells are faint (HPA: tissue IHC). | The reversal may reflect assay or specificity problems; HPA cautions that its evidence includes multi-gene targeting (HPA: tissue IHC). | Check tissue identity and morphology, compare an expected High population on the same run, and seek independent antibody evidence before calling the reversed pattern PDHA1-specific (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| A section has sparse staining in cell types outside HPA's High list. | PDHA1 is described as ubiquitous, while HPA reports different staining levels across cell types; sparse signal alone is inconclusive (UniProt P08559; HPA: tissue IHC). | Score the identified cell population and intracellular pattern against the available HPA reference; avoid treating HPA Low cells as absolute negatives (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing PDHA1 staining
A01906-4 · IHCIHC analysis of PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 using anti-PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 antibody (A01906-4). PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded
A01906-4 · IHCIHC analysis of PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 using anti-PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 antibody (A01906-4). PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded
A01906-4 · IFIF analysis of PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 using anti-PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 antibody (A01906-4). PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 was detected in an immunocytochemica
M01906-2 · IHCRat kidney was stained with anti-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 α rabbit antibody
M01906-2 · IHCHuman kidney was stained with anti-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 α rabbit antibody
A01906-3 · IFICC staining PDHA1 in Hela cells (red). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000131828-PDHA1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_13827097
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000131828-PDHA1/tissue/colon#imid_13827023
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000131828-PDHA1/tissue/liver#imid_13827016
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000131828-PDHA1/tissue/kidney#imid_13827025
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA047864; green = PDHA1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA047864; green = PDHA1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for PDHA1 IHC & IF
🧪Run breast first: its glandular cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in breast glandular cells). HPA detects PDHA1 in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no supported negative tissue; use no-primary and isotype controls, and expect glandular lumens and nuclei on the positive slide to lack specific mitochondrial staining (HPA: no negative tissue; UniProt P08559: mitochondrial matrix).
Positive control tissue: Adrenal gland (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: PDHA1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PDHA1 in HeLa, PC-3, U2OS, Sperm, with annotated localisation: Mitochondria (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only slide and an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s rabbit host and clonality, plus a PDHA1 knockout or validated peptide-block control where available (caption: rabbit primary; standard IHC practice). For chromogenic detection, block endogenous peroxidase and check for residual signal in the breast section (caption: HRP/DAB detection; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected A01906-4 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated). The caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is essential or that frozen sections are easier (selected-SKU caption). IF/ICC provides a way to assess mitochondrial localization, though the supplied evidence does not establish that it is easier than paraffin IHC; interpret any breast-section luminal DAB deposit as background rather than cellular staining (HPA: supported mitochondrial ICC-IF location; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for PDHA1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Caution, targets protein from more than one gene.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: PDHA1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced PDHA1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot PDHA1 chromogenic IHC by checking retrieval, staining pattern and controls before comparing signal across sections.
What retrieval should I try when PDHA1 staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01906-4). The selected paraffin-section example used that retrieval before overnight primary-antibody incubation at 4°C (IHC caption A01906-4). If staining remains weak, adjust heating duration on adjacent sections while holding the antibody dilution and detection conditions constant (general IHC practice). Include a section from the same block without primary antibody to check whether stronger retrieval also raises background (general IHC practice). Compare granular cytoplasmic signal within intact cells; PDHA1 is assigned to the mitochondrial matrix, and HPA describes a granular cytoplasmic tissue pattern (UniProt P08559 localisation; HPA tissue IHC).
Could fixation explain inconsistent PDHA1 staining between paraffin blocks?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, so PDHA1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown for this antibody (IHC caption A01906-4). Record each block’s fixative and processing history, then compare sections using the same pH 8.0 EDTA retrieval and primary-antibody conditions (datasheet A01906-4; general IHC practice). When blocks differ, include an internal reference cell population and inspect tissue preservation before attributing intensity differences to PDHA1 abundance (general IHC practice). Do not use HPA staining patterns or PDHA1’s mitochondrial location to infer a fixation effect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P08559 localisation). Report any fixation-related conclusion as specific to the blocks and conditions tested (general IHC practice).
How should I assess diffuse or nuclear staining with a PDHA1 antibody?
Expect granular cytoplasmic staining in intact cells, consistent with the HPA tissue profile and PDHA1’s mitochondrial matrix location (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P08559 localisation). Diffuse cytoplasmic colour can obscure that pattern, so compare a shorter DAB development with the original section and inspect at higher magnification (general IHC practice). Predominantly nuclear staining does not match the assigned location and warrants review of the no-primary control and tissue morphology (UniProt P08559 localisation; general IHC practice). HPA’s subcellular assignment is supported but carries a warning that its antibodies target proteins from multiple genes (HPA subcellular). Treat a discrepant pattern as unresolved until controls and an independently validated reagent support it (general IHC practice).
Can this stain distinguish PDHA1 isoforms or phosphorylation states?
PDHA1 has 4 annotated isoforms and multiple modified residues, including PDK1-associated phosphoserine at residue 232 (UniProt P08559 isoforms and modified residues). The supplied IHC caption establishes staining conditions but gives no epitope map or isoform-specific validation for A01906-4 (IHC caption A01906-4). Therefore, score this stain as antibody reactivity under the tested conditions, without assigning it to a particular isoform or phosphorylation state (IHC caption A01906-4; general IHC interpretation). An epitope map and state-specific validation would be needed for that distinction (general IHC practice). If a treatment changes staining, compare matched sections and detection settings before proposing altered PDHA1 modification or abundance (general IHC practice).
How would I check a mitochondrial PDHA1 pattern by multiplex IF?
Treat IF as a separate assay: the supplied A01906-4 example documents chromogenic staining in a paraffin section, not IF performance (IHC caption A01906-4). Pair PDHA1 with a marker identifying the expected cell population and, if needed, a separately validated mitochondrial marker to assess intracellular overlap (UniProt P08559 localisation; general IF practice). Select a fluorophore channel with low tissue autofluorescence and inspect an unstained section in every planned channel (general IF practice). PDHA1 is in the mitochondrial matrix and has no annotated transmembrane segment, so optimise permeabilisation to admit antibody to that compartment without losing structure (UniProt P08559 topology and localisation; general IF practice). Use single-stain controls to assess bleed-through (general IF practice).
What should I change when PDHA1 DAB staining is widespread and muddy?
Begin with a no-primary control to separate primary-antibody signal from secondary-reagent or tissue-associated colour (general IHC practice). The selected example used 1:100 primary antibody overnight at 4°C, 10% goat serum block, an anti-rabbit peroxidase secondary, and DAB detection (IHC caption A01906-4). If background rises with primary antibody, titrate it and review washing and blocking while retaining a reference section (general IHC practice). Include an endogenous peroxidase block and watch DAB development; these are general chromogenic IHC measures, not evidence of a PDHA1-specific problem (general IHC practice). Judge improvement by clearer granular cytoplasmic detail, the reported tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC).
How can I compare PDHA1 IHC across specimens without overcalling staining differences? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring; HPA reports granular cytoplasmic expression in most cell types (HPA tissue IHC). For comparable sections, record an H-score or the percentage of positive cells alongside cytoplasmic intensity, using one threshold and consistent DAB development (general IHC practice). Normalise scores to the number of intact cells in the prespecified population, or report positive-cell density per mm² of viable tissue when area is the denominator (general IHC practice). Exclude damaged edges and necrotic areas from the analysed region (general IHC practice). Report retrieval and antibody conditions with the scores, including pH 8.0 EDTA when using the supplied method (datasheet A01906-4).
What evidence separates true PDHA1 staining from tissue or detection artefact?
A plausible positive shows granular cytoplasmic signal in preserved cells, consistent with HPA tissue staining and the mitochondrial matrix assignment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P08559 localisation). Check whether signal instead concentrates in nuclei, necrosis or section edges, and compare those areas with a no-primary control (UniProt P08559 localisation; general IHC practice). A no-primary section also helps identify colour from endogenous peroxidase or detection reagents in a DAB assay (general IHC practice). Compare the expected cell population with local morphology rather than assigning every brown deposit to PDHA1 (general IHC practice). HPA rates its tissue staining Approved but warns of possible recognition of proteins from multiple genes, so orthogonal validation matters for a strong identity claim (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents
Best PDHA1 / Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial IHC Antibodies
Anti-PDHA1 antibodies have IHC images from human tissue and human, mouse, and rat kidney (catalog image captions), plus an IF/ICC image from HeLa cells (A01906-3 image caption).
Real IHC data
Anti-PDH E1 Alpha/PDHA1 Antibody
Cat # A01906-4
Real IHC data
Anti-Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 α Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M01906-2
Real IF data
Anti-PDHA1 Antibody
Cat # A01906-3
A01906-4 shows IHC staining of human paraffin sections, including appendix carcinoid tissue (A01906-4 image caption); M01906-2 shows IHC staining of rat, human, and mouse kidney (M01906-2 image captions). A01906-3 shows IF/ICC staining in HeLa cells (A01906-3 image caption) and lists IHC and IF among its applications (catalog applications).
Which to pick: For human paraffin-section IHC, choose A01906-4: its image caption documents EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and chromogenic DAB detection; the fixative is unreported (A01906-4 image caption). For IF/ICC, choose A01906-3: its HeLa image documents paraformaldehyde fixation and 0.25% Triton X100/PBS permeabilisation (A01906-3 image caption). For kidney IHC across human, mouse, and rat, choose the rabbit monoclonal M01906-2, which has an IHC image for each species; the captions do not report tissue processing or fixative (catalog description; M01906-2 image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P08559 (ODPA_HUMAN, Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial).
- Human Protein Atlas. PDHA1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. PDHA1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the mitochondria. Caution: Based on antibodies targeting proteins from multiple genes..
- Human Protein Atlas. PDHA1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Overexpression of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1α Subunit Inhibits Warburg Effect and Induces Cell Apoptosis Through Mitochondria-Mediated Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology research 2019 — PMC7848459.
- PDHA1 enhances resistance to ferroptosis in anoikis-resistant prostate cancer by upregulating AIFM2. Cell death discovery 2026 — PMC12949121.
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase expression is negatively associated with cell stemness and worse clinical outcome in prostate cancers. Oncotarget 2017 — PMC5355102.
- A broad cuproptosis landscape in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in immunology 2022 — PMC9669451.
- PubMed PMID:2227443 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2748588 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:3034892 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PDHA1 (Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial). Expected localisation Tissue: granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); PDHA1: mitochondrial matrix (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01906-4). Validated IHC antibody: A01906-4 at 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adrenal gland (Glandular cells); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human appendix carcinoid tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01906-4); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01906-4); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01906-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01906-4); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-PDHA1, 1:50 recommended; image 1:100 (datasheet A01906-4); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01906-4). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin-section comparison groups. (selected-SKU IHC image A01906-4); Caveat: HPA staining may detect protein from more than one gene (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 4 isoforms; map the antibody epitope across them (UniProt); Regulation: Muscle/tongue RNA is tissue-enhanced (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt P08559, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the mitochondria. Caution: Based on antibodies…, Datasheet A01906-4, PMC12949121, PMC5355102. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PDHA1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.