PDIA6 / Protein disulfide-isomerase A6 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for PDIA6

PDIA6 shows granular cytoplasmic staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC). This IHC guide uses high-staining pancreatic exocrine cells as a reference (HPA tissue IHC) and a starting antibody concentration of 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet: M03813-1).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PDIA6 (IHC for PDIA6): expected localisation Granular cytoplasm in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); ER lumen expected (UniProt), antibody M03813-1, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps — Printable **PDIA6** IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Granular cytoplasm in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); ER lumen expected (UniProt), antibody M03813-1, controls and protocol steps. Open the full PDIA6 IHC guide →

Navigate to: Protocols Staining pattern Controls Antibodies

PDIA6 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining

	Expected localisation	Granular cytoplasm in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); ER lumen expected (UniProt)
	Staining pattern	Granular cytoplasmic staining across tissue cell types (HPA tissue IHC)
	Antigen retrieval	EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M03813-1)
	Positive control ⓘ	Bone marrow+4 more · see all
	Negative control ⓘ	None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls

Important caveats

Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.

	Fixation	Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M03813-1)
	Caveat	Some cell types stain weakly despite broad tissue expression (HPA tissue IHC)
	Regulation	Expression regulation unreported (UniProt)
	Isoform / epitope	5 isoforms; mature chain 20–440; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt; catalog record)

Section 1

Recommended PDIA6 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by published PDIA6 staining methods for tumor and rat spinal cord sections (PMC13444140; PMC6491656; PMC9449696).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
Sample	Paraffin-embedded human bladder epithelial carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M03813-1)
Fixation	Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M03813-1); verify before use.
Sectioning	4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
Deparaffinisation	Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrieval	Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M03813-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block	3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking	10% goat serum (datasheet M03813-1)
Primary antibody	Mouse monoclonal (clone 3H5E7) anti-PDIA6, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M03813-1)
Primary incubation	Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M03813-1)
Detection	HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M03813-1)
Counterstain	Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected result	PDIA6-positive staining in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern in all tissues. No signal in the no-primary control.

💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet: M03813-1); citrate retrieval is a published alternative for tumor sections (PMC13444140; PMC6491656).

Section 2

What Is the Expected PDIA6 Staining Pattern?

PDIA6 should appear mainly as granular cytoplasmic staining, consistent with its endoplasmic reticulum lumen location and lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q15084: location and topology). High staining is reported in several cell populations, including pancreatic exocrine glandular cells and lung alveolar type II cells (HPA: High). HPA rates the tissue IHC profile Enhanced, with medium consistency against RNA data and external verification pending (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Granular cytoplasmic staining in pancreatic exocrine glandular cells or lung alveolar type II cells (HPA: High).	This fits the reported tissue pattern and the predominantly endoplasmic reticulum localization (HPA: tissue IHC profile; HPA: subcellular, supported). Judge intensity within the identified cell population, rather than treating every cell in the section as an equivalent control (HPA: cell-specific tissue IHC levels).
Predominantly nuclear, sharply surface-restricted, or extracellular staining, with little granular cytoplasmic signal.	Recheck specificity and detection: these patterns do not match the dominant tissue IHC appearance (HPA: granular cytoplasmic profile). UniProt also lists cell membrane and melanosome locations, so an isolated atypical compartment cannot be dismissed solely by topology (UniProt Q15084: locations; no transmembrane segment).
Strong signal confined to cells reported as low, while expected high-staining cells in the same comparison are weak (HPA: tissue IHC levels).	Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity before assigning that contrast to PDIA6 (general IHC practice). Low staining is reported for oral squamous epithelium and cardiomyocytes, but HPA reports low tissue specificity; these are weak comparators, not proven negatives (HPA: Low; RNA specificity).
Uniform haze across cells, stroma, or the whole section obscures cellular detail.	The signal is difficult to score as PDIA6 because HPA describes a granular cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Excess background can arise from detection or blocking conditions in chromogenic IHC (general IHC practice); compare a no-primary control and inspect whether granules remain discernible.
No detectable staining in pancreatic exocrine glandular cells or bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA: High).	Treat this as a failed expected-positive result, then check the antibody's IHC-P validation, retrieval and detection controls (HPA: tissue IHC levels; general IHC practice). HPA's Enhanced rating supports the reported pattern, but its medium RNA agreement and pending external verification limit certainty for an individual section (HPA: reliability).

💡Expected PDIA6 appearanceCall a positive result when identified high-staining cells show clear, granular cytoplasmic signal, especially pancreatic exocrine or lung alveolar type II cells (HPA: High; tissue IHC profile); isolated nuclear staining or uniform haze warrants investigation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; general IHC practice).

How each factor affects the staining
Compartment and topology (UniProt Q15084: ER lumen; no transmembrane segment).	Expect the dominant tissue signal in granular cytoplasm (HPA: tissue IHC profile). UniProt also records cell membrane and melanosome locations, but those entries do not establish a dominant membrane or melanosome pattern in paraffin sections (UniProt Q15084: locations; HPA: tissue IHC profile).
Cell population chosen for comparison (HPA: High and Low tissue IHC levels).	Use a reported high-staining population to judge whether the stain worked: pancreatic exocrine cells, endometrial glandular cells and lung alveolar type II cells are examples (HPA: High). Low-staining populations can provide contrast, but HPA lists no negative tissue and reports low RNA tissue specificity (HPA: Low; negative list; RNA specificity).
Antibody evidence (HPA: antibody validation; tissue IHC reliability).	HPA lists Enhanced IHC status for HPA034652, HPA034653 and CAB034347; its tissue profile still notes medium consistency with RNA and pending external verification (HPA: antibodies; reliability). Match interpretation to the antibody actually used and its own validated IHC-P procedure (general IHC practice).
Processing and isoforms (UniProt Q15084: signal peptide 1–19; five isoforms).	The annotated chain begins at residue 20, and five isoforms are listed (UniProt Q15084: processing; isoforms). Antibody epitope and isoform coverage are absent from these payloads, so neither loss of staining nor isoform-specific staining can be inferred from those annotations.
Chromogenic detection and retrieval (general IHC practice).	Blocking, retrieval and detection settings can change background or visibility in routine IHC (general IHC practice). No PDIA6-specific retrieval condition, dilution or fixation sensitivity is supplied here; use the selected antibody's validated IHC-P instructions and evaluate controls.
IF/ICC Q&A: Where should fluorescence appear?	Mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (HPA: ICC-IF, supported). HPA additionally reports primary cilium, centriolar satellite and basal body locations as uncertain; treat those signals cautiously (HPA: ICC-IF, uncertain). IF/ICC procedure selection belongs in its separate guide.

Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
Situation	Likely cause	Next action
Expected high-staining pancreatic exocrine cells are blank (HPA: High).	The result conflicts with the reported tissue pattern; the cause cannot be assigned from HPA staining levels alone (HPA: High).	Confirm cell identity, section integrity and detection controls; review the antibody's IHC-P retrieval and dilution instructions (general IHC practice).
Signal appears chiefly nuclear.	Nuclear predominance differs from HPA's granular cytoplasmic profile (HPA: tissue IHC profile).	Compare a no-primary control and a reported high-staining cell population before scoring nuclear signal as PDIA6 (HPA: High; general IHC practice).
The entire section has brown haze that hides cell boundaries.	Background may reflect chromogen or blocking conditions (general IHC practice); it prevents assessment of the reported granules (HPA: tissue IHC profile).	Review no-primary control staining, blocking and detection development; score only cellular signal separable from background (general IHC practice).
Low-staining oral squamous epithelium appears intensely positive (HPA: Low).	Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice); HPA does not establish this tissue as PDIA6-negative (HPA: Low; negative list).	Check the detection control and compare the pattern with a reported high-staining population using the same run (HPA: High; general IHC practice).
A rim-like membrane signal dominates over cytoplasmic granules.	The balance differs from HPA tissue IHC, although UniProt lists cell membrane localization (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q15084: locations).	Inspect staining in high-staining cells and controls; document the atypical compartment separately rather than treating membrane localization as validated for this section (HPA: High; general IHC practice).
Two antibodies produce different intensities in the same cell population.	Enhanced IHC status does not guarantee identical results from each reagent, and the tissue profile awaits external verification (HPA: antibodies; reliability).	Check each antibody's IHC-P instructions and compare localization, controls and cell identity before interpreting the intensity difference biologically (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC profile).

Source: UniProt Q15084 Human Protein Atlas tissue Human Protein Atlas subcellular

Experiment evidence

IHC & IF images showing PDIA6 staining

IHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human bladder epithelial carcinoma tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml mouse anti-PDIA6 Antibody (M03813-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-mouse IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Mouse IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0001) with DAB as the chromogen.

M03813-1 · IHCIHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human bladder epithelial ca

IHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml mouse anti-PDIA6 Antibody (M03813-1) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-mouse IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Mouse IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0001) with DAB as the chromogen.

M03813-1 · IHCIHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast infiltrating d

IF analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of HepG2 cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval was performed using IHC enzyme antigen retrieval reagent (AR0022) for 15 mins. The cells were blocked with 10% goat serum. And then incubated with 5 μg/mL mouse anti-PDIA6 Antibody (M03813-1) overnight at 4°C. DyLight®488 Conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (BA1126) was used as secondary antibody at 1:100 dilution and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The section was counterstained with DAPI. Visualize using a fluorescence microscope and filter sets appropriate for the label used.

M03813-1 · IFIF analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (M03813-1). PDIA6 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of HepG2 cells. Enzyme antige

IHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse ovary tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2μg/ml rabbit anti-PDIA6 Antibody (A03813-2) overnight at 4°C. Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using Strepavidin-Biotin-Complex (SABC) (Catalog # SA1022) with DAB as the chromogen.

A03813-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse ovary tissue. Heat medi

IHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of rat ovary tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2μg/ml rabbit anti-PDIA6 Antibody (A03813-2) overnight at 4°C. Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using Strepavidin-Biotin-Complex (SABC) (Catalog # SA1022) with DAB as the chromogen.

A03813-2 · IHCIHC analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of rat ovary tissue. Heat mediat

IF analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U20S cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval was performed using IHC enzyme antigen retrieval reagent (AR0022) for 15 mins. The cells were blocked with 10% goat serum. And then incubated with 5μg/mL rabbit anti-PDIA6 Antibody (A03813-2) overnight at 4°C. DyLight®488 Conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (BA1127) was used as secondary antibody at 1:100 dilution and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The section was counterstained with DAPI. Visualize using a fluorescence microscope and filter sets appropriate for the label used.

A03813-2 · IFIF analysis of PDIA6 using anti-PDIA6 antibody (A03813-2). PDIA6 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U20S cells. Enzyme antigen re

HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000143870-PDIA6/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_8439996

HPA · Thyroid glandHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Thyroid gland. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000143870-PDIA6/tissue/thyroid+gland#imid_8439956

HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000143870-PDIA6/tissue/colon#imid_8432018

HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000143870-PDIA6/tissue/liver#imid_8432019

HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA034652; green = PDIA6, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.

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Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.

Sample controls for PDIA6 IHC & IF

🧪Run bone marrow first: hematopoietic cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in bone marrow hematopoietic cells). HPA detects PDIA6 in all 45 scored tissues, so use no-primary and isotype controls as negatives; neighboring cells may stain and should not be treated as confirmed internal negative cells (HPA: no negative tissue rows).

Positive control tissue: Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells, HPA High)

Negative control tissue: None in HPA: PDIA6 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.

ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PDIA6 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), with annotated localisation: Endoplasmic reticulum (supported) (HPA subcellular).

Technical controls: Include a secondary-only slide, a species- and immunoglobulin-class-matched isotype control, and PDIA6-knockout material as a biological negative (standard IHC practice). In bone marrow, block endogenous peroxidase and check for residual signal from myeloid cells before interpreting DAB staining (standard IHC practice).

⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the selected M03813-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU IHC caption). That caption reports heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is required for every specimen; the supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections are easier (selected-SKU IHC caption). IF/ICC images support ER localization in listed cell lines, while endogenous peroxidase in bone marrow myeloid cells can complicate chromogenic scoring (HPA: supported ER location; standard IHC practice).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for PDIA6

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Bone marrow	Hematopoietic cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Duodenum	Endocrine cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Endometrium	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Epididymis	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Gallbladder	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
None in HPA: PDIA6 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.

Section 3

Advanced PDIA6 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot PDIA6 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, background and cell type before interpreting DAB intensity.

Which retrieval condition should I try first for weak PDIA6 staining?

Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet M03813-1). The selected tissue image used that condition before overnight incubation at 4°C with 2 μg/ml catalog antibody (datasheet M03813-1). If staining remains weak, compare retrieval duration on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration, detection and development constant (standard IHC practice). Include a section with an expected positive cell population, such as pancreatic exocrine glandular cells, to distinguish retrieval failure from genuinely low expression in the test cells (HPA: High in pancreatic exocrine glandular cells; standard IHC practice).

Could fixation explain weak or uneven PDIA6 staining?

Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown because the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet M03813-1). Record the specimen’s actual fixation history and compare similarly processed sections before attributing a staining difference to PDIA6 biology (standard IHC practice). Assess whether weak signal follows tissue thickness, folds or damaged areas, then repeat staining with the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration used for the selected image (datasheet M03813-1; standard IHC practice). A parallel positive-control section can reveal a processing problem, but its result cannot establish a PDIA6-specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice).

What staining pattern should count as PDIA6 localisation?

Expect predominantly granular cytoplasmic staining in tissue sections, consistent with the reported tissue profile and supported endoplasmic reticulum localisation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; HPA: subcellular localisation). PDIA6 is assigned to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and has no transmembrane segment, so a purely nuclear DAB pattern needs additional validation (UniProt Q15084: subcellular location and topology). Compare the candidate signal with cell boundaries and morphology on the counterstained section, using the same exposure to chromogen across controls (standard IHC practice). Cell membrane and melanosome annotations exist, but an isolated surface or pigment-associated signal should be checked against controls before being scored as PDIA6 (UniProt Q15084: subcellular location; standard IHC practice).

Can epitope placement or isoforms change the apparent IHC pattern?

PDIA6 has 5 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody caption does not identify the recognized epitope (UniProt Q15084: isoforms; datasheet M03813-1). Its signal peptide spans residues 1–19, and the annotated mature chain spans 20–440; these boundaries matter when evaluating an independently documented immunogen (UniProt Q15084: processing). Two thioredoxin domains occupy residues 20–133 and 154–287, and several phosphoserines are annotated, but neither fact establishes this antibody’s binding site (UniProt Q15084: domains and modified residues). Check epitope documentation before interpreting differences among specimens as isoform-specific staining, and keep retrieval and detection conditions matched during that comparison (standard IHC practice).

How should I investigate a PDIA6 result by multiplex IF?

Use IF as a separate follow-up to chromogenic IHC, pairing PDIA6 with a marker that identifies the expected cell population, such as pancreatic exocrine glandular cells (HPA: High in pancreatic exocrine glandular cells; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence, and include single-label controls to assess channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). Permeabilise sufficiently to access a luminal endoplasmic reticulum epitope, while recognizing that the catalog antibody’s epitope is unspecified (UniProt Q15084: endoplasmic reticulum lumen; datasheet M03813-1). Compare the resulting pattern with the supported endoplasmic reticulum localisation before treating surface or ciliary signal as corroboration (HPA: subcellular localisation; standard IF practice).

How can I reduce diffuse DAB background without losing PDIA6 signal?

First examine a no-primary control for signal from detection reagents or endogenous peroxidase, and apply a peroxidase block as part of the general DAB workflow (standard IHC practice). The selected paraffin-section image used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml mouse primary overnight at 4°C, and peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet M03813-1). If diffuse staining persists, compare shorter DAB development or a primary-antibody titration on adjacent sections while retaining a positive control (standard IHC practice). Score granular cytoplasmic signal separately from deposits on folds, cut edges and necrotic regions (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).

How should I score PDIA6 staining across specimens? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION

Define the cell population and tissue compartment before scoring, because PDIA6’s reported tissue pattern is granular cytoplasmic and expression varies by cell type (HPA: tissue IHC profile and cell-type levels). For a cell-based readout, record the percentage of positive target cells and staining intensity, then calculate an H-score from 0–300 using a consistent intensity scale (standard IHC practice). If counting positive cells spatially, report density per mm² of viable, evaluable tissue and exclude folds or necrosis by a prespecified rule (standard IHC practice). Normalise comparisons to the same target-cell denominator or viable tissue area, and stain reference sections together to monitor run variation (standard IHC practice).

When is an apparent PDIA6-positive focus likely to be artefact?

A convincing focus should show granular cytoplasmic signal in identifiable cells, matching the reported tissue pattern and supported endoplasmic reticulum localisation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; HPA: subcellular localisation). Check an unexpected nuclear or exclusively surface pattern with a no-primary control and independent localisation evidence; PDIA6 is annotated in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and also at the cell membrane (UniProt Q15084: subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Treat staining limited to section edges, folds or necrosis, or persisting without primary antibody, as possible processing or endogenous-enzyme artefact (standard IHC practice). Interpret cell identity carefully: normal bladder urothelial cells are reported Low, while the selected image shows staining in bladder epithelial carcinoma tissue (HPA: Low in bladder urothelial cells; datasheet M03813-1).

Boster reagents

Best PDIA6 / Protein disulfide-isomerase A6 IHC Antibodies

Anti-PDIA6 antibodies have paraffin-section IHC images from human, mouse and rat tissues (catalog IHC captions), plus IF/ICC images from HepG2 and U20S cells (catalog IF captions).

Real IHC data

Anti-PDIA6 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 3H5E7)

Cat # M03813-1

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Real IHC data

Anti-PDIA6 Antibody ®

Cat # A03813-2

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M03813-1 has paraffin-section IHC images from human bladder epithelial carcinoma, breast infiltrating ductal carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and endometrial cancer tissue, plus an IF/ICC image from HepG2 cells (M03813-1 image captions). A03813-2 has paraffin-section IHC images from mouse and rat ovary, human breast cancer and human liver cancer tissue, plus an IF/ICC image from U20S cells (A03813-2 image captions).

Which to pick: For human tissue IHC, choose M03813-1 when a mouse monoclonal is preferred (catalog: clone 3H5E7); its own paraffin-section caption uses EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml primary antibody, and does not report the fixative (M03813-1 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, both SKUs have cell images: M03813-1 in HepG2 and A03813-2 in U20S, each at 5 μg/ml in its own caption (catalog IF captions). For IHC across human, mouse and rat samples, choose A03813-2 (catalog: IHC application and human, mouse, rat reactivity); its own paraffin-section captions show those species with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, while the fixative is unreported (A03813-2 IHC captions).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q15084 (PDIA6_HUMAN, Protein disulfide-isomerase A6).
Human Protein Atlas. PDIA6 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
Human Protein Atlas. PDIA6 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition localized to the centriolar satellites, primary cilium and basal body..
Human Protein Atlas. PDIA6 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced histone lactylation mediating immune escape of gastric cancer via PDIA6 overexpression in dendritic cells. Cell death & disease 2026 — PMC13444140.
PDIA6 modulates apoptosis and autophagy of non-small cell lung cancer cells via the MAP4K1/JNK signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2019 — PMC6491656.
Protein disulfide isomerase A6 promotes the repair of injured nerve through interactions with spastin. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 2022 — PMC9449696.
PubMed PMID:7590364 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PDIA6 (Protein disulfide-isomerase A6). Expected localisation Granular cytoplasm in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); ER lumen expected (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M03813-1). Validated IHC antibody: M03813-1 at 2 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human bladder epithelial carcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M03813-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M03813-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M03813-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M03813-1); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 3H5E7) anti-PDIA6, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M03813-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M03813-1). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image M03813-1); Caveat: Some cell types stain weakly despite broad tissue expression (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 5 isoforms; mature chain 20–440; epitope coverage unknown (UniProt; catalog record); Regulation: Expression regulation unreported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q15084, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition localized…, Datasheet M03813-1, PMC13444140, PMC6491656. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PDIA6/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.