PLSCR1 / Phospholipid scramblase 1 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for PLSCR1

Plan PLSCR1 paraffin IHC using the catalog antibody’s documented mouse spleen workflow (datasheet A02995-2). Assess cytoplasmic staining in immune-cell subsets and interpret it with the reported low consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for PLSCR1 (IHC for PLSCR1): expected localisation Cytoplasm in immune-cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A02995-2, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps
Printable PLSCR1 IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Cytoplasm in immune-cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC), antibody A02995-2, controls and protocol steps. Open the full PLSCR1 IHC guide →

PLSCR1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining
Expected localisation Cytoplasm in immune-cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC)
Staining pattern Cytoplasmic staining in immune-cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC)
Antigen retrieval EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02995-2)
Positive control ⓘ Bone marrow+1 more · see all
Negative control ⓘ Adipose tissue+4 more · see all
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
Fixation Keep paraffin-section fixation consistent (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A02995-2)
Caveat Staining may diverge from RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC)
Regulation IFN-response role; intensity effect unknown (UniProt)
Isoform / epitope 2 isoforms; epitope map unknown; cytoplasmic versus extracellular site matters (UniProt)
Section 1

Recommended PLSCR1 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A02995-2). One published PLSCR1 IHC protocol in human liver tissue is listed below (PMC7590428).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
SampleParaffin-embedded mouse spleen tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02995-2)
FixationImage fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02995-2); verify before use.
Sectioning4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
DeparaffinisationXylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrievalHeat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02995-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking10% goat serum (datasheet A02995-2)
Primary antibodyRabbit anti-PLSCR1, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet A02995-2)
Primary incubationOvernight at 4 °C (datasheet A02995-2)
DetectionStreptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A02995-2)
CounterstainHematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected resultPLSCR1-positive staining in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in subsets of immune cells in several tissues, incuding lymphoid organs. No signal in the no-primary control.
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A02995-2); the published protocol used EDTA at 98°C for 25 min (PMC7590428).
Section 2

What Is the Expected PLSCR1 Staining Pattern?

In paraffin tissue sections, expect mainly cytoplasmic PLSCR1 staining in subsets of immune cells (HPA: tissue IHC profile), including hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and cells in splenic red pulp (HPA: Medium staining). Membrane and nuclear localization are biologically plausible (UniProt O15162: cell membrane and nucleus; residues 289–305 form a transmembrane segment). Treat the tissue pattern cautiously: HPA rates its IHC evidence Approved but reports low consistency with RNA expression (HPA: reliability description).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Distinct cytoplasmic chromogen in some bone marrow hematopoietic cells or splenic red-pulp cells, with neighboring cells less stained (HPA: tissue IHC).This matches the reported cell distribution and Medium staining level in those compartments (HPA: bone marrow and spleen). Score the relevant cells rather than calling the whole tissue positive; HPA describes expression in subsets of immune cells (HPA: tissue IHC profile).
Signal appears only as acellular deposits, or every cell shows the same strong nuclear stain despite little immune-cell cytoplasm (HPA: tissue IHC profile).Reassess localization and controls before assigning that pattern to PLSCR1 (general IHC practice). Nuclear PLSCR1 is possible (UniProt O15162; HPA: nucleoplasm in ICC-IF), so nuclear staining alone does not establish an artefact. The mismatch is its uniform distribution versus the reported tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile).
Strong staining dominates adipocytes or bronchial respiratory epithelial cells (HPA: those cell types Not detected).That distribution conflicts with the sampled HPA IHC results and warrants checking antibody specificity and endogenous chromogen activity (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). These observations concern named cell types, not every cell in adipose tissue or bronchus (HPA: tissue IHC records).
Pale chromogen covers nuclei, stroma and cells without a clear cellular pattern (general IHC practice).Interpret this as background until controls and microscopic localization support a cellular signal (general IHC practice). Broad haze cannot establish the reported immune-cell cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile); compare it with a section processed without primary antibody (general IHC practice).
No discernible staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells or splenic red-pulp cells (HPA: both Medium).Check the run before concluding biological absence: these are useful reference compartments, though HPA reports only Medium staining and low IHC–RNA consistency (HPA: tissue IHC). Review section quality, retrieval, antibody conditions and detection controls as general IHC checks (general IHC practice).
💡Expected PLSCR1 appearanceCall a result consistent when Medium, predominantly cytoplasmic staining marks subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic or splenic red-pulp cells (HPA: tissue IHC); uniform staining of HPA-undetected cell types or acellular deposits calls for control review (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice).
How each factor affects the staining
Tissue and cell choice (HPA: tissue IHC)Bone marrow hematopoietic cells and splenic red-pulp cells provide reported Medium reference staining; adipocytes and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells were Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Use the specified cell population when comparing sections.
Compartment and topology (UniProt O15162)PLSCR1 has one transmembrane segment at residues 289–305, a cytoplasmic region at 1–288 and an extracellular region at 306–318 (UniProt O15162 topology). These features permit membrane localization but do not specify where the catalog antibody binds or guarantee visible membrane staining in paraffin sections.
Localization state (UniProt O15162)Palmitoylation favors cell-membrane trafficking; its absence favors nuclear localization, and RELT can accompany perinuclear localization (UniProt O15162 localization notes). Thus a compartment shift can have a biological basis, but the supplied tissue IHC evidence does not link a particular section to either state.
Evidence from ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular)HPA reports supported nucleoplasm and plasma-membrane localization and approved Golgi localization in ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular). This supports possible compartments; it does not convert an ICC-IF observation into an expected chromogenic tissue pattern or an IF/ICC protocol.
Antibody and tissue evidence (HPA: antibodies; tissue IHC)HPA lists CAB070421 as IHC Approved and HPA068923 as ICC Supported (HPA: antibody validation). The tissue IHC profile is Approved with low staining–RNA consistency (HPA: reliability). Interpret an unexpected compartment or cell distribution with controls rather than treating either status as proof of specificity.
Retrieval and detection (general IHC practice)Check retrieval and chromogenic detection against the validated assay conditions when signal fails or background rises (general IHC practice). The supplied UniProt and HPA records do not report a PLSCR1-specific fixation effect, retrieval requirement or working dilution.
Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
SituationLikely causeNext action
Bone marrow or splenic reference cells show no signal (HPA: Medium staining).An assay or section issue is possible; a genuinely low local signal is also possible because HPA reports Medium staining, not universal positivity (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice).Confirm that the named cells are present, then review the validated retrieval, antibody and detection steps with an assay control (general IHC practice). Do not assign a PLSCR1-specific fixation failure from these records.
Adipocytes or bronchial respiratory epithelium stain strongly (HPA: Not detected).The pattern may reflect off-target binding or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice); it differs from the specified HPA cell-type observations (HPA: tissue IHC).Check a section without primary antibody and inspect whether chromogen follows cells or endogenous deposits (general IHC practice). Compare the exact cell types; HPA does not classify the entire tissues as PLSCR1-negative.
Most of the section has a diffuse chromogen haze (general IHC practice).Background from blocking, washing or detection can obscure cellular localization (general IHC practice). HPA's described immune-cell cytoplasmic pattern cannot be scored reliably through diffuse haze (HPA: tissue IHC profile).Review blocking, washing and detection controls, then score only resolved cellular staining (general IHC practice). Compare suspected positive cells with nearby cells and the primary-omission control.
Nuclear staining appears without the reported immune-cell cytoplasmic pattern (HPA: tissue IHC).Nuclear localization can be genuine (UniProt O15162; HPA: nucleoplasm in ICC-IF), but uniform staining across unrelated cells may indicate an assay artefact (general IHC practice).Check cellular distribution and controls before scoring (general IHC practice). Report the nuclear observation separately from the tissue IHC pattern; ICC-IF localization does not validate that particular paraffin-section signal (HPA: subcellular; tissue IHC).
Only a membrane rim is visible in cells expected to show cytoplasmic IHC staining (HPA: tissue IHC profile).Membrane localization is plausible from PLSCR1 topology and localization data (UniProt O15162), while the reported tissue pattern is cytoplasmic in immune-cell subsets (HPA: tissue IHC).Verify that the rim is cellular and control-dependent before interpreting it (general IHC practice). Record membrane and cytoplasmic patterns separately; avoid assuming the antibody epitope from topology alone.
A different antibody gives a conflicting tissue pattern (general IHC practice).Validation differs by application: one HPA antibody is IHC Approved and another is ICC Supported (HPA: CAB070421; HPA068923). HPA also reports low consistency between tissue staining and RNA (HPA: reliability description).Compare only results from antibodies validated for the same application and check the named cell populations (HPA: antibody validation; tissue IHC). Use appropriate assay controls before calling either pattern PLSCR1-specific (general IHC practice).

Sample controls for PLSCR1 IHC & IF

🧪Run spleen first and expect staining in red-pulp cells (HPA: Medium in cells in red pulp). Use adipose tissue as a negative comparison, focusing on adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the spleen slide, morphologically intact cells without brown DAB signal provide an internal background reference, although HPA does not identify a specific negative spleen cell type.
Positive control tissue: Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show PLSCR1 in A-431, SK-MEL-30, U2OS, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported), Golgi apparatus (approved), Plasma membrane (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control for the rabbit primary antibody (selected-SKU caption: rabbit anti-PLSCR1; standard IHC practice). Use PLSCR1-knockout tissue as a biological negative if available, and check endogenous peroxidase and biotin background in spleen because detection uses a biotin-based DAB system (selected-SKU caption: SABC with DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the exact selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated). The caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish whether retrieval is required; the supplied evidence also does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier (selected-SKU caption: heat-mediated EDTA retrieval). In spleen red pulp, endogenous peroxidase, biotin, and pigment can complicate DAB interpretation, so assess background with the technical controls (standard IHC practice).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for PLSCR1

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Bone marrow Hematopoietic cells Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →
Spleen Cells in red pulp Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Adipose tissue Adipocytes Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Adrenal gland Glandular cells Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Appendix Glandular cells Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Breast Adipocytes Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Bronchus Respiratory epithelial cells Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Section 3

Advanced PLSCR1 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot PLSCR1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cell identity, compartment, and detection controls before comparing specimens.

What retrieval should I start with for PLSCR1 in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for PLSCR1 paraffin-section IHC (datasheet A02995-2). The selected mouse spleen image used that condition, followed by 10% goat serum and 1 μg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet A02995-2). If staining is weak, compare a second retrieval condition only after reproducing this baseline; hold antibody concentration and detection conditions constant (standard IHC practice). Include spleen red-pulp cells as a reference because medium staining is reported there, and record heating and cooling times so changes in signal can be traced to retrieval (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I assess whether fixation is affecting PLSCR1 staining?
PLSCR1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown because the selected paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative (datasheet A02995-2). Record the actual fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness, and processing history for each specimen before attributing weak staining to fixation (standard IHC practice). Compare specimens with matched processing using the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 1 μg/mL antibody baseline; vary one preparation step at a time (datasheet A02995-2; standard IHC practice). Inspect morphology alongside signal, and include a consistently processed positive reference in each run so a preparation failure is distinguishable from variation between specimens (standard IHC practice).
Which compartments should show credible PLSCR1 staining?
Assess cytoplasmic staining in immune-cell subsets first, including spleen red-pulp cells, where medium tissue staining is reported (HPA tissue IHC). Membrane and nuclear staining can also be biologically plausible: PLSCR1 is annotated at the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and perinuclear region (UniProt O15162 localisation). Palmitoylation regulates membrane versus nuclear localisation, while RELT is associated with perinuclear localisation; these annotations do not establish the pattern in every tissue section (UniProt O15162 localisation). Score compartments separately and compare them with morphology and a cell-identity marker; a diffuse stain crossing cell boundaries should prompt review of background and section quality (standard IHC practice).
How can epitope position change the interpretation of PLSCR1 IHC?
PLSCR1 has 2 annotated isoforms, but the supplied antibody evidence does not identify their recognition or map its epitope (UniProt O15162 isoforms; datasheet A02995-2). The protein spans the membrane at residues 289–305, with residues 1–288 on the cytoplasmic side and 306–318 extracellular (UniProt O15162 topology). Consequently, do not infer surface accessibility or isoform coverage from staining alone; request epitope mapping if either question matters experimentally (UniProt O15162 topology; standard IHC practice). Phosphorylation is annotated at residues 69, 74, and 161, so consider modification state when an independently mapped epitope overlaps those sites (UniProt O15162 modified residues; standard IHC practice).
How can IF help resolve an ambiguous chromogenic PLSCR1 pattern?
Use IF as a separate localisation check when DAB cannot resolve overlapping cells or compartments; HPA reports nucleoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and plasma-membrane localisation in ICC/IF (HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice). Multiplex PLSCR1 with a marker for the immune-cell population under study, because tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic staining in immune-cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence, and include single-stain controls to assess channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). Set permeabilisation according to the mapped epitope: residues 1–288 are cytoplasmic, whereas 306–318 are extracellular; the supplied antibody epitope is unmapped (UniProt O15162 topology; datasheet A02995-2).
What should I check when spleen sections show widespread DAB signal?
First compare the full stain with no-primary and detection-only controls to locate background from the primary antibody or detection system (standard IHC practice). The selected spleen workflow used a biotinylated secondary, streptavidin–biotin complex, and DAB, so assess endogenous biotin and peroxidase contributions with appropriate controls (datasheet A02995-2; standard IHC practice). Apply a peroxidase block according to the detection system’s instructions and check whether increased washing or antibody titration improves the signal-to-background ratio (standard IHC practice). Judge residual staining against tissue morphology: medium staining in spleen red-pulp cells is reported, whereas uniform staining across unrelated structures needs further validation (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify PLSCR1 across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic staining in immune-cell subsets and medium staining in spleen red-pulp cells (HPA tissue IHC). For comparable cell populations, report the percentage positive and an H-score from 0–300, recording cytoplasmic, membrane, and nuclear signals separately (standard IHC practice; UniProt O15162 localisation). If cell abundance varies, report positive cells per mm² of viable tissue and normalise positive counts to the number of eligible cells in the measured region (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval, exposure assessment, thresholds, and region selection consistent, and score blinded sections with the same controls (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish true PLSCR1 staining from artefact?
Prioritise staining that follows identifiable cells and a plausible compartment: immune-cell cytoplasm is reported in tissue IHC, while membrane and nuclear localisation are also annotated (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt O15162 localisation). Check whether the positive cells match the expected cell population using morphology or an independent marker, rather than assigning every brown deposit to PLSCR1 (standard IHC practice). Discount staining concentrated at section edges or necrotic regions when it lacks intact-cell boundaries, and use no-primary and peroxidase controls to investigate detection artefacts (standard IHC practice). Interpret weak or discordant patterns cautiously because HPA rates tissue staining as approved while reporting low consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
Boster reagents

Best PLSCR1 / Phospholipid scramblase 1 IHC Antibodies

The catalog includes a mouse paraffin-section IHC image for PLSCR1 (A02995-2 image caption) and lists human IF/ICC reactivity without an IF image (M02995-1 catalog applications and reactivity).

Real IHC data IHC analysis of PLSCR1 using anti-PLSCR1 antibody (A02995-2). PLSCR1 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse spleen tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 1μg/ml rabbit anti-PLSCR1 Antibody (A02995-2) overnight at 4°C. Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using Strepavidin-Biotin-Complex (SABC) (Catalog # SA1022) with DAB as the chromogen.
Anti-Scramblase 1/PLSCR1 Antibody ®
Cat # A02995-2

A02995-2 has an IHC image from a mouse spleen paraffin section and lists human and mouse reactivity (A02995-2 image caption and catalog reactivity). M02995-1 lists human ICC/IF among its applications, with no IF image supplied (M02995-1 catalog applications, reactivity and image payload).

Which to pick: Choose A02995-2 for tissue IHC: its own image shows staining of a mouse spleen paraffin section after EDTA pH 8 retrieval, and its listed IHC concentration is 0.5–1 μg/ml (A02995-2 image caption and catalog dilution); the fixative is unreported (A02995-2 image caption). Choose the rabbit monoclonal M02995-1 for human IF/ICC based on its application listing, while recognizing that no IF image is supplied (M02995-1 catalog host, clone, applications, reactivity and image payload). For work spanning human and mouse samples, A02995-2 lists both species, whereas M02995-1 lists human only (catalog reactivity).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

  1. UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O15162 (PLS1_HUMAN, Phospholipid scramblase 1).
  2. Human Protein Atlas. PLSCR1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
  3. Human Protein Atlas. PLSCR1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm, plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus..
  4. Human Protein Atlas. PLSCR1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
  5. Phospholipid scramblase 1 as a critical node at the crossroad between autophagy and apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016 — PMC5173105.
  6. Blockade of phospholipid scramblase 1 with its N-terminal domain antibody reduces tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. Journal of translational medicine 2012 — PMC3551821.
  7. PLSCR1 drives chemoresistance in TNBC via METTL3/IGF2BP3-mediated mRNA stabilization and EGFR-MAPK pathway activation. Cell death & disease 2026 — PMC13347015.
  8. RNA interference-mediated downregulation of phospholipid scramblase 1 expression in primary liver cancer in vitro. Oncology letters 2020 — PMC7590428.
  9. PubMed PMID:9218461 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  10. PubMed PMID:9712717 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  11. PubMed PMID:10930526 — UniProt-cited evidence.