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Facts about RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase.
The phosphorylated form of RAF1 (on residues Ser-338 and Ser-339, by PAK1) phosphorylates BAD/Bcl2- antagonist of cell death at 'Ser-75'. Phosphorylates adenylyl cyclases: ADCY2, ADCY5 and ADCY6, leading to their activation.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | RAF1 |
Uniprot: | P04049 |
Entrez: | 5894 |
Belongs to: |
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protein kinase superfamily |
cRaf; c-Raf; c-Raf-1; CRAFraf proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase; EC 2.7.11; EC 2.7.11.1; NS5; Proto-oncogene c-RAF; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAF; Raf1; Raf-1; Raf-1Oncogene RAF1; v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1; v-Raf-1
Mass (kDA):
73.052 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 3p25.2 |
Sequence: | 3; NC_000003.12 (12583601..12664201, complement) |
In skeletal muscle, isoform 1 is more abundant than isoform 2.
Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Mitochondrion. Nucleus. Colocalizes with RGS14 and BRAF in both the cytoplasm and membranes. Phosphorylation at Ser-259 impairs its membrane accumulation. Recruited to the cell membrane by the active Ras protein. Phosphorylation at Ser-338 and Ser-339 by PAK1 is required for its mitochondrial localization. Retinoic acid-induced Ser-621 phosphorylated form of RAF1 is predominantly localized at the nucleus.
The RAF1 Antibody is a powerful tool for testing and identifying human proteins. Boster Bio Anti-Raf1 antibody (catalog number A00446-2) is an effective tool to determine human proteins. It reacts with Human. It can be stored at -20°C up to one year, or at 4°C for as long as one month. Boster Bio Anti-Raf1 antibody is highly sensitive and can be applied to any Boster Bio product to confirm the presence of RAF1.
At present in the present, currently, the RAF1 gene is being used to identify drugs and aid in cancer diagnosis. It suppresses chemical hepatocarcinogenesis, and it is an excellent candidate for therapeutic use. It has many possibilities for applications and is receiving more attention as more research is being performed. This article will discuss the most effective ways to use the RAF1 gene to treat cancer. Find out more about these applications.
RAF1 is a proto-oncogene involved in many types of cancer including gastric cancer as well as glioblastoma. It is a major regulator of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. To identify the cancer target, Molecular markers for this gene were developed. The RAF1 gene encodes a protein that is involved in the regulation of various types of tumors. Several tumor types are associated with RAF1 overexpression.
RAF1 is a part of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. It regulates cell functions by sending chemical signals from the outside to the nucleus of cells. The RAS/MAPK pathway controls cell growth, differentiation and movement and self-destruction. RAF1 is a member of the oncogene class that can change normal cells into cancerous ones.
Although RAF1 plays a minor role in bladder cancer however, it is a major marker in a variety of tumors. Most bladder tumors harbor activating BRAFV600E mutations that are often found in a variety of cancer types. In addition to this, the RAF1-mediated signaling pathway has been identified as a factor driving a subset of bladder cancer in both humans and dogs. This mutation is a typical driver in invasive bladder tumors in dogs.
The RAF1 gene is highly expressed in hepatocarcinogenesis, and a reduction in it would lead to accelerated liver cancer progression in these models. However, mice with RAF1 deficiency show more foci, which is likely the result of inflammation. A Dhep/Dhep model of mice that mimics the inflammation environment of F/F mice can be a valuable instrument to detect liver cancer progenitor cell. They express the adhesion molecule CD44 and are found in aggregated portions of the liver.
Its affinity for Ras proteins makes it a useful therapeutic target. Recent research has demonstrated that RAS proteins have a distinct binding preference to downstream RAF targets. Between 3% and 5percent of bladder tumors have RAF1-amplified mutations and genetic evidence suggests that targeting RAF1-mediated signaling could be an effective therapeutic strategy for up to 20% of urothelial cancers.
The RAF family of transcription factors is composed of a variety of isoforms that work to regulate the cellular signaling. Rasl is a gene that is involved in the development of the Drosophila eye, is a member of the RAF family. C-Raf also is part of the RAF family. The members are also known as protooncogenes. Sternberg PW studied the role of the pro-oncogenes raf during Caenorhabditis Elegans vulval growth.
The RAF family has the consensus sequence, which includes the serine/threonine Kinase Domain, an ATP binding motif and a cysteinerich Domain. The consensus sequence of RAF comprises aa 51- 139. It has been demonstrated that both the CRD as well as the RBD play roles in the binding of Ras to cellular signaling. This has enabled us to gain a better understanding of the function and structure of RAF.
The RAF family has been extensively researched and the phosphorylation of the serine/threonine Kinases has been reported. There are numerous ways to assess the extent of phosphorylation of the RAF enzymes. There are a variety of methods that can be used to differentiate between phosphorylation and other changes. Others identify the ones that are linked to mitogen stimulation. Table 2 lists the conditions of RAF Kinases.
Analyzing the genomes of 81 patients diagnosed with PC with RAF genetic changes that are familial was possible. The median age of diagnosis was 64 years. The majority of patients were female. The stage of disease was advanced, as the majority of patients had metastatic PC. Sixty-one percent of the tumors were adenocarcinomas. four of them had pancreatic cancer. KRAS-wild type genomic profiles were retrieved from 71 patients with PC. High-quality p53-mutations were also identified.
A variety of pancreatic cancers have mutations in the RAF pathway. For example, the BRAF V600E mutation and DNVTAP mutations were the most prevalent. While rare, SND1 -BRAF Fusions could be beneficial to patients suffering from the BRAF V600E mutation. Certain RAF modifications can predict the response to map-kinas targeted therapy, and more prospective trials of these therapies are warranted.
The RAF Family Federation offers help and support to RAF families. Its members can access confidential counselling, advice , and signsposting, as well as information about RAF programs. In addition the RAF Family Federation publishes Envoy, a magazine, and an e-bulletin for members of the RAF and their families. So no matter where you are you are, the RAF family is there to help you. It provides financial assistance, encouragement, and assistance to RAF personnel and their families.
A viable strategy for fighting cancer is to focus on RAF1 with inhibitors MERTK. The kinase regulates the innate immune system and is involved in cancer growth. Two key ligands of RAF1 are GAS6 and Protein S. GAS6 is a G-carboxylated protein that binds the phosphatidylserine residues of apoptotic cells. GAS6's carboxydomains and Protein S bind with extracellular domains (TAM kinases) that result in activation and efferocytosis.
Numerous inhibitors of AXL/MERTK slow down the growth of tumors. In vitro studies in mice with immunodeficiency revealed INCB081776 raised the levels of MERTK and stabilized it at the plasma membrane. It was not effective against CTG-2041, which is the mouse model for pancreatic cancer. It is possible that this is due to the various dependencies of cancer cells these inhibitors.
During the immune system, MERTK and AXL dominate macrophage efferocytosis. The TAM family of Kinases is a key player in efferocytosis during an inflammatory environment. It also plays an important role in the process of phagocytosis. One of the most important uses of the RAF1 genes is the RAF1 marker.
RAF1 has been proven to be a biomarker associated with a variety cancers, including thyroid cancers and metastatic cancers. Strategies to activate the RAF1/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway may be a viable treatment for a metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Both are helpful in identifying RAF1 mutations and determining the progression of the disease.
In addition to its crucial role in tumorigenesis RAF1 is also a key role in the phagocytic ability of macrophages that are immune-suppressive. The anti-MERTK antibody INCB081776, which was created to detect MERTK in human macrophages that were derived from primal sources, was discovered. In addition, MAB8912 inhibits MERTK in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 1.6+/0.4 nM. In conclusion, inhibiting RAF1 by targeting MERTK is a potent method to make a difference to RAF1 within the human immune cells.
The treatment of cancer has been identified as an attractive option for the RAF1/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. RAF1 is a key part of this pathway, playing crucial roles in the activation of downstream MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Utilizing the RAF1 marker as a template for gene expression, researchers examined levels in normal and tumor cells and identified RAF1 as a target.
In addition to regulating EGFR, RAF1 also plays part in bone and visceral metastasis. The presence of RAF1 in prostate carcinoma cells could be beneficial for the development of therapeutic strategies against this disease. Furthermore, RAF1 expression is highly expressed in a number of human cancer cell forms. It is a promising therapeutic target, as it has been proven to improve the odds of prostate cancer treatment.
Researchers have discovered that RAF1 protein expression may predict the progression of prostate cancer, a disease characterized by low tumor growth rate and recurrent recurrence. Its expression in breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer cells is related to human metastatic prostate cancer. Furthermore, MERTK, NTRK2, and RAF1 were selected as targets due to their roles in the process of cancer metastasis.
The circAGFG1 and RAF1 genes interact to regulate luciferase activity within CC cells. The RAF1 and miR-370-3p target genes were transfected into luciferase-expressing reporter cells, and their activities were measured by using a Dual luciferase Assay Kit. Both circAGFG1 mRNAs and RAF1 the mRNAs play a part in regulation of gene expression, ligand binding, and gene expression.
PMID: 3003687 by Bonner T.I., et al. The complete coding sequence of the human raf oncogene and the corresponding structure of the c-raf-1 gene.
PMID: 2993863 by Bonner T.I., et al. Structure and biological activity of human homologs of the raf/mil oncogene.
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