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- Table of Contents
11 Q&As
Facts about Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | REG3A |
Uniprot: | Q06141 |
Entrez: | 5068 |
Belongs to: |
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No superfamily |
hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas; HIPpancreatitis-associated protein; Human proislet peptide; Lithostathine 3; pancreatic beta cell growth factor; Pancreatitis-associated protein 1; PAP homologous protein; PAP1FLJ18565; PAP2; PAPPAP-H; PBCGF; proliferation-inducing protein 34; proliferation-inducing protein 42; Reg III-alpha; REG3; Reg3A; REG-3-alpha; regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha; regenerating islet-derived protein 3-alpha; Regenerating islet-derived protein III-alpha; REG-III
Mass (kDA):
19.395 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 2p12 |
Sequence: | 2; NC_000002.12 (79157006..79159753, complement) |
Highly expressed in epidermal keratinocytes of psoriasis patients (at protein level). Constitutively expressed in intestine. Low expression is found in healthy pancreas. Overexpressed during the acute phase of pancreatitis and in some patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Secreted. Found in the apical region of pancreatic acinar cells.
Recent research has shown that Reg3A in blood can predict poor surgical and overall survival outcomes. These studies also showed that Reg3A levels had a lower association with disease-free survival. These findings suggest Reg3A may prove to be an effective biomarker of pancreatic disease, allowing for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. In addition, Reg3A may also prove to be a good biomarker for stratification.
Reg protein is a family that includes many members that act as antimicrobial proteins. Reg proteins play many roles, including regulating bacterial cell surfaces sugars and mediating immune response. There are many questions surrounding Reg proteins and their role within the bacterial cell-wall function. This review discusses some of the questions surrounding Reg3A.
Recent years have seen research that has focused on Reg3A markers has expanded beyond the original focus of gastrointestinal carcinoma to include many molecules that could play a role signaling. JAK2-STAT3, EXTL3, PI3K–Akt and Wnt/b–catenin are the most frequent molecules found to be involved in Reg3A Signaling. Reg3A is also involved in a number of genes, including the MMP-9 enzyme.
Multiple applications are possible for the REG3A mark in cancer research. It has been proven to be a biomarker in the detection of gastrointestinal cancers, including inflammatory-related pancreatic cancer. The research suggests that Reg3A may also have other roles in cancer, including prevention and treatment. Further studies are needed to determine whether Reg3A has other applications. It could be the first gene to tag cancer cells early in their development.
Reg protein is not only antibacterial, but also plays a bacteriostatic and bactericidal role. Fusobacterium colonized tumors. Reg3A levels were upregulated. It is believed that Reg3A regulates bacterial cell surface sugars. The study could also indicate Reg3A's importance in colorectal Cancer.
Researchers found that mice with high levels Reg3A were more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. A high level of Reg3A expression in pancreatic carcinoma was also associated with increased caspase 3/7 activity. The study also showed Reg3A could activate cyclin D1 promor activity.
REG3A has high homology to the Reg3b/Reg3g mouse proteins. This led to it being previously considered an ortholog of Reg3b in murine Reg3b. Reg3b shares 70% amino acids with Reg3g, but they're not identical proteins. Research results suggest that REG3A could be an ortholog to murine Reg3g.
Reg3A mark's cancer-promoting effects are thought to be associated to the NF-kB pathway. This pathway has been linked to p53, a tumor suppressor gene. This kinase controls the JAK2-STAT3 pathway through SOCS3 as well as gp130. Researchers have previously linked this protein with various cancers, including breast and pancreatic cancers. However, further research is needed to understand the regulatory pathways that Reg3A is involved in.
Reg3A plays a variety of roles in cancer. Most importantly, it promotes cell proliferation, inhibits cell apoptosis, and controls migration and invasion. In one study, Reg3A expression in pancreatic cancer cells increased by 130.6 fold when co-injected with dimethylbenzanthracene. However, when dimethylbenzanthracene alone did not induce tumors, cancer cells expressing Reg3A increased. These results suggest that Reg3A can be used as a marker to detect pancreatic carcinoma.
REG3A levels were found to be elevated in the minor salivary ganglia of patients suffering from SS (Sjorgen’s disorder). Although the link is not clear, researchers believe Reg3A plays an important part in the regeneration of ductal glands in the salivary cells. REG proteins are also involved with wound healing. They regulate keratinocyte proliferation. Reg3A binds IL-17 to stimulate differentiation. REG proteins also play an important role during skin healing. REG1A as well as REG3b both increase the proliferation of keratinocytes and differentiate them after injury. Reg3A's potential cancer-promoting benefits are not supported despite REG3A's apparent benefit in cancer treatments.
In mice, Reg3A expression is 19-fold higher than in other tissues. This gene is found in acinar cells as well as islet a-cells. It also increases in inflammation conditions. Reg3A expression is not detected in the normal human pancreas. Reg3A marker has been reported to have cancer-promoting effects on the intestine. This marker is used in many areas of cancer research.
It is known that Reg3A gene-targeting medications have anti-apoptotic activities. One study showed that Reg3A knockdown decreased the activity of caspases among pancreatic carcinoma cells. Inhibitory kinase Bcl2, which is anti-apoptotic, was also reduced by Reg3A knockdown. Cancer-promoting effects of Reg3A marker on pancreatic cancer cells is also a topic of considerable debate.
REG1B was also identified by the researchers as a potential cancer biomarker. These biomarkers are tissue-specific and help distinguish pancreatic carcinoma patients from healthy controls. They also found that reg3A levels were higher in patients with a history or inflammation. The tumors showed higher levels the cancer-promoting gene than patients with no history. Patients with pancreatic cancer had tumors that were less differentiated than those with high differentiation, and they also had cancers of TNM stage III-IV.
Increased proliferation may also be a result of Reg3A gene expression in murine cells. Overexpression of Reg3A in cells with increased Akt phosphorylation and increased cyclin D1/cdk4 levels leads to enhanced growth. Cells transfected with the empty virus show twofold higher proliferation rates than their counterparts. It is important to note that these effects do not necessarily translate to an increase in tumor size or incidence in humans.
REG3A is an important protein with numerous functions, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. It also has a close relationship to gastrointestinal cancer. Clinical applications of this protein to the treatment of cancer have many implications. They are a promising therapeutic target and a promising therapeutic target. Reg3A's exact roles in these cancers are still not fully understood. It is important to continue research on this protein and its role for different types of cancer.
Reg3A has been shown to be a biomarker for gastrointestinal carcinoma. However, further studies are needed in order to determine its utility in treating other types of cancer. Many researchers have been interested in its expression in the digestive tract. However, it has not been reported that the gene is present in extra-intestinal tissues. Reg3A was also found in the digestive tract and skin. This suggests that Reg3A may play other roles in different types or cancers.
Recent studies have shown that patients suffering from pancreatic carcinoma have high levels Reg3A genes in their blood. This molecule has been shown to reduce liver damage caused by alcohol consumption and inhibit bacterial colonization on mucosal surfaces. Reg3A is also believed to be a survival indicator in graft versus host disease (GVHD). It also inhibits apoptosis and crypt cell death. The clinical applications for Reg3A marker in pancreatic cancer treatment include diagnosis and treatment.
REG3A was also found in chronic and acute pancreatitis patients. It is also known to inhibit the production IL-6 and TNFa by the negative regulator SHP-1. This is an important role for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Clinical applications of Reg3A marker are expected to increase. As a biomarker of inflammatory bowel disease, it is now possible to measure serum levels.
The PDB Database published the Xray structure REG3A. The Xray structures of REG3A revealed two large loop regions and three b4 lines with three disulfide bonded. These regions resemble the human and rodent Reg proteins, although the two are not identical. Reg3A is a key component of ischemic stroke. More research is needed.
The presence of the Reg3A marker in patients with pancreatic cancer is a promising sign of early detection of this disease. Researchers found that patients who have high Reg3A levels are at higher risk of developing pancreatic carcinoma. Also, tumors containing high levels of Fusobacterium colonies have a higher Reg3A concentration. Further, Reg3A expression in a mouse pancreatic tumour model was found to be strongly correlated with survival.
Research has shown that REG3A plays an important role in controlling growth and replication of islet b cells. It is also responsible for tissue regeneration in various tissues. It has been shown that it can increase liver weight after partial liverectomy and accelerate regeneration. In addition, the Reg protein stimulates gastric mucosal cell proliferation and increases the number of Reg-positive cells in Helicobacter pylori-positive chronic gastritis specimens.
PMID: 7679928 by Itoh T., et al. Cloning and tissue-specific expression of cDNAs for the human and mouse homologues of rat pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP).
PMID: 1469087 by Orelle B., et al. Human pancreatitis-associated protein. Messenger RNA cloning and expression in pancreatic diseases.