SFTPA2 Antibodies

Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A2 (SFTPA2)

In presence of calcium ions, it binds to surfactant phospholipids and contributes to reduce the surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli of the mammalian lung and is vital for normal respiration. .

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	SFTPA2
Uniprot:	Q8IWL1
Entrez:	729238

Family

Belongs to:
SFTPA family

Alternative Names

Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A2

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
26.182 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	10q22.3
Sequence:	10; NC_000010.11 (79555852..79560459, complement)

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. Secreted, extracellular space, surface film.

PTMs

• Acetylation
• Disulfide bond

• Glycoprotein
• Hydroxylation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SFTPA2

Boster Bio - Best Uses Of The SFTPA2 Marker

If you're interested in understanding SFTPA2 and its regulatory role, then read this Boster Bio article. This biochemical marker is a target for DNA methylation upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site. In addition, it has the potential to regulate transcription by phorbol ester. Read on to learn more about SFTPA2 and its potential applications.

SFTPA2 Marker

The SFTPA2 gene has been identified as a candidate biomarker for lung cancer. Recent research suggests that there is significant difference between SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 expression in human bronchoalveolar lavage. This may indicate that the gene may have promising applications in lung cancer. But for now, these studies are limited to a small number of cancer types. Regardless, SFTPA2 may have a promising future as a biomarker for lung cancer.

The two genes that encode human surfactant protein A play an important role in lung homeostasis. SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 have a distinct methylation pattern, which is an indicator of tumor suppuration. Researchers studied lung cancer tissues and correlated gene expression levels of these proteins with the methylation profiles of these genes. The findings are relevant for clinical use as they have potential to pinpoint cancer-causing genes.

Regulation

The SFTPA gene is characterized in rabbits and baboons by a highly conserved hypersensitive site. In rabbits, the hypersensitivity site occurs after gestational day 21 and in baboons, after days 140 and 160. Despite the similarity of the SFTPA gene products, one seems to be better at surfactant-related activities than the other. These findings suggest that the SFTPA gene may have undergone duplication in the primate lineage and that selective pressure has remained constant for both genes.

The two genes have conserved cis-acting regulatory elements, which may be involved in differential regulation. Different regions of the SFTPA gene exhibit distinct regulatory mechanisms, which may attenuate or enhance the activity of the gene. Exon B may be an important regulatory element. Exon B also increases the mRNA content, regardless of position. This fact, together with its sequence conservation, suggests that the SFTPA2 gene has a regulatory role in the immune response.

DNA methylation upstream

As an upstream methylation marker for DNA, SFTPA2 encodes a gene with an important role in lung homeostasis. The genes encode SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, which have been studied in lung cancer tissue and their expression correlated with the methylation status. These findings are encouraging for the field of oncology, as early detection of lung cancer offers the greatest opportunity to save lives.

In cancer cells, DNA methylation upstream of SFTPA2 can influence the binding of transcription factors that promote carcinogenesis. To study SFTPA2 methylation, in silico analysis was performed and potential binding sites for at least 10 factors were identified. The predicted binding sites are represented by a diagram. This tool enables the identification of genes that are highly expressed in tumors.

Regulation by phorbol ester

The SFTPA2 gene is a key regulator of many biological processes. Its differential regulation is based on different cis-acting regulatory elements. Different regulatory elements affect mRNA stability and translation. We have found that these regions may act in conjunction to affect transcription, while different regulatory mechanisms influence gene expression. In order to identify the optimal use of this gene, we need to understand the mechanisms regulating SFTPA1 and SFTPA2.

Phosphorbol ester inhibits transcription of SFTPA genes. Deletion analysis identified a region downstream of the transcription start site (TTS) and a binding transcription factor (Jun protein) bound to this region. This region carries a sequence that resembles the consensus binding site of AP-1 complexes. It is unknown whether phorbol ester inhibits a gene's transcription, but it may function as a lincRNA to regulate neighboring parental genes.

The SFTPA2 gene promoter exhibited a significant difference in CpG DNA site methylation compared to the control. In lung cancer cells, SFTPA2 mRNA was reduced and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 and DNMT2) increased. Further analyses revealed that the CpG methylation site impacted the binding of transcription factors.

eB presence in 3'-UTR

Molecular mechanisms for regulating gene expression are often complex, involving multiple genes and interplay between different proteins. The 3'UTRs of different bacterial species harbor RNA-binding proteins and specific ribonucleases. They are also reservoirs of trans-acting sRNAs. Recent studies suggest that bacterial 3'UTRs have undergone differential evolution, and they discuss their effect on species-specific expression of orthologous genes.

Bacterial genome-wide transcriptomic mapping has revealed that UTRs of a variety of species have distinct lengths, and most of these have been characterized in Gram-negative bacteria. These regions are known for their roles as riboswitches and thermosensors, and they also regulate the expression of downstream CDSs. In addition to regulating gene expression, long 5'UTRs overlap with mRNAs encoded on the opposite DNA strand.

The eB motif was derived from the mitochondrial genome, which is closely related to the motifs #16 and 32 in mammalian 3' UTRs. The nucleotide weights of these motifs were proportional to the number of occurrences in the 3' UTRs. These studies demonstrate the utility of computational methods for discovering functional motifs in 3' UTRs.

CRISPR/Cas9 approach

A CRISPR/Cas9 approach targeting the SFTPA2 marker is an interesting development for the cancer treatment field. The antigen is well suited for targeted therapy and is useful in CaP bone metastases and micrometastases. However, more studies are needed to test its usefulness in clinical trials and patient biopsies. The antigen may prove useful for identifying tumors in a clinical trial.

Molecular basis of differential regulation

Molecular basis of differential regulation can be understood from how transcriptional repression complexes at the M and R promoters are different from each other. These subtle differences in protein-DNA interaction are underpinned by small conformational changes. Understanding the molecular basis of differential regulation is important for identifying the underlying mechanisms that control gene expression. Molecular basis of differential regulation is an area of high research interest for both basic and applied scientists.

Clinical applications

The SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 genes share similar splice variants with differing amounts of exon B in the 5'-UTR. These differences may be due to differential regulation of the genes by different regulatory elements. In addition, these genes are both regulated by CBP/p300 factors, which may explain their differential regulation under various stimuli. Finally, epigenetic regulation is speculated to play a role.

In rabbits, a hypersensitivity site was identified a few months after gestational day 21, while the same region was not found at the same time in baboons. This suggests that SFTPA genes undergo changes at their proximal promoter regions. Interestingly, the SFTPA2 gene is associated with a difference in the position of two CpG sites in the upstream region of the hSFTPA1 gene.

SFTPA has been identified as a potential lung cancer marker. Moreover, it has been shown to be useful in detecting metastatic cancers in lung and mesotheliomas. Furthermore, DNA CpG methylation profiling has identified hypomethylated SFTPA1 promoter sites. Therefore, SFTPA2 is a useful marker in lung cancer. And with the help of SFTPA2 gene promoter methylation in rat lung cancer, this marker can be used to assess the risk of lung cancer.