SMAD1 / SMAD family member 1 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for SMAD1

Plan SMAD1 staining in paraffin sections using the documented IHC workflow (datasheet M00728-3). This guide helps assess cytoplasmic and nuclear staining and choose high-staining glandular tissue references (HPA tissue IHC).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SMAD1 (IHC for SMAD1): expected localisation Cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC), antibody M00728-3, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps — Printable **SMAD1** IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC), antibody M00728-3, controls and protocol steps. Open the full SMAD1 IHC guide →

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SMAD1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining

	Expected localisation	Cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC)
	Staining pattern	Glandular cells show cytoplasmic and nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC)
	Antigen retrieval	Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M00728-3)
	Positive control ⓘ	Epididymis+4 more · see all
	Negative control ⓘ	Adrenal gland+4 more · see all

Important caveats

Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.

	Fixation	Formaldehyde-fixed paraffin sections are documented (selected-SKU IHC image M00728-3)
	Caveat	Antibody staining has low concordance with RNA data (HPA tissue IHC)
	Regulation	BMP signaling promotes nuclear entry (UniProt)
	Isoform / epitope	Two isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt)

Section 1

Recommended SMAD1 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody protocol is followed by published paraffin-section IHC methods for total SMAD1 and, separately, phospho-SMAD1/5/8 (PMC6566125; PMC4440936; PMC12316925).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
Sample	Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded human skeletal muscle tissue (datasheet M00728-3)
Fixation	Image formalin-fixed; duration unreported (datasheet M00728-3); verify before use.
Sectioning	4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
Deparaffinisation	Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrieval	Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 (datasheet M00728-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block	3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking	10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard)
Primary antibody	Mouse monoclonal (clone 1356CT119.18.55) anti-SMAD1, 1:25 (datasheet M00728-3)
Primary incubation	1 hours at 37°C (datasheet M00728-3)
Detection	HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard)
Counterstain	Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected result	SMAD1-positive staining in glandular cells of epididymis (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control.

💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet: M00728-3); the lymphoma study also used citrate pH 6 with microwave or autoclave heating (PMC4440936).

Section 2

What Is the Expected SMAD1 Staining Pattern?

SMAD1 is found in cytoplasm and nucleus; it can move into the nucleus during BMP signaling (UniProt Q15797). In tissue IHC, expect cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in most tissues, including high staining in epididymal and stomach glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue profile Approved but reports low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data (HPA tissue IHC). SMAD1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15797 topology).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Cytoplasmic staining, with or without nuclear staining, in epididymal or stomach glandular cells.	This fits the reported high staining in those cells and the cytoplasmic and nuclear tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear enrichment is compatible with SMAD1 signaling, but total SMAD1 staining alone cannot establish BMP activation (UniProt Q15797 function and subcellular location).
Predominantly membrane outlining, with little cytoplasmic or nuclear staining.	A membrane-only pattern falls outside the reported cytoplasmic and nuclear locations (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q15797 subcellular location). SMAD1 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15797 topology). Review morphology and detection controls before assigning the stain to SMAD1 (general IHC practice).
Strong staining confined to a cell population reported as not detected, such as adrenal glandular cells.	That conflicts with the reported absence of staining in those cells (HPA tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; a discrepant stain alone does not establish either cause (general IHC practice). Compare cell identity and run appropriate controls.
Diffuse color across cells, stroma and empty areas, without clear cell boundaries.	A noncellular haze is hard to reconcile with the reported cellular pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Nonspecific reagent binding, endogenous detection activity or inadequate washing may contribute (general IHC practice). Judge the slide against a negative control and tissue morphology.
No discernible staining in epididymal or stomach glandular cells.	Those cells are reported as high staining references (HPA tissue IHC), so a blank result calls for a technical review. It does not prove SMAD1 is absent: the HPA profile is Approved with low antibody-staining versus RNA consistency (HPA tissue IHC).

💡Expected SMAD1 appearanceA convincing positive shows clear cytoplasmic and possibly nuclear staining in glandular cells of epididymis or stomach at the reported high level, while diffuse noncellular color or membrane-only outlining is suspect (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q15797 subcellular location and topology).

How each factor affects the staining
Compartment and signaling state	SMAD1 is cytoplasmic without ligand and migrates to the nucleus in a SMAD4 complex (UniProt Q15797 subcellular location). A mixture of cytoplasmic and nuclear staining can therefore be plausible; total SMAD1 IHC does not by itself measure phosphorylation (UniProt Q15797 function).
Tissue and cell choice	Epididymal and stomach glandular cells are reported High; appendix and breast glandular cells are Medium (HPA tissue IHC). Adrenal glandular cells and liver cholangiocytes are reported Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Score the specified cell population, since a tissue name alone does not identify its expected signal.
Evidence limits	The tissue profile is Approved, with low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data (HPA tissue IHC). CAB005389 is IHC Approved rather than IHC Enhanced in the supplied validation record (HPA antibodies). Treat a matching pattern as supportive, especially when interpreting a weak or unexpected stain.
Protein structure and variants	SMAD1 has two listed isoforms, no signal peptide or propeptide, and no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15797 isoforms, processing and topology). The record gives no antibody epitope, so it cannot establish whether this antibody detects both isoforms or whether a particular domain changes staining.
IF/ICC comparison	HPA reports supported nucleoplasm and cytosol localization in ICC-IF and lists MCF-7 and U2OS image sets (HPA subcellular). CAB005389 has ICC Supported status (HPA antibodies). This agrees with the broad compartment expectation, but the cell images do not set intensity thresholds for paraffin tissue IHC.

Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
Situation	Likely cause	Next action
Known high-reference glandular cells show no stain.	An unsuccessful IHC run or an unsuitable staining condition is possible; high staining is reported in epididymal and stomach glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC).	Confirm tissue identity and inspect the run control, then review the catalog antibody's IHC-P conditions, retrieval, dilution and detection steps (general IHC practice). Do not infer target-specific retrieval or fixation sensitivity from the HPA profile.
Stain is weak throughout a section.	This may reflect the staining workflow, or a sample dominated by cells with lower reported expression; endometrial glandular cells are Low (HPA tissue IHC).	Compare the specified cell population with a high-reference tissue, and check reagent performance and detection exposure using the same run (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Interpret weak signal cautiously given the reported low staining versus RNA consistency (HPA tissue IHC).
A reported negative cell type stains strongly.	Adrenal glandular cells, liver cholangiocytes and salivary glandular cells are reported Not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Misidentified cells, cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity may explain a discrepancy (general IHC practice).	Recheck morphology and cell identity; compare negative-reagent and detection-system controls, then assess whether the signal reproduces with an independent approach (general IHC practice).
Color is diffuse across cells and background.	Nonspecific binding, endogenous detection activity or incomplete washing can obscure cell localization (general IHC practice). The expected tissue distribution is cellular and cytoplasmic or nuclear (HPA tissue IHC).	Inspect a negative control and blank areas; check blocking, washes and detection chemistry, then score only clearly localized cellular signal (general IHC practice).
Only cell borders or membranes are stained.	The location conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern and with SMAD1 lacking a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q15797 topology).	Check whether border color follows tissue edges or detection artifacts; review controls and cell morphology before treating the signal as SMAD1 (general IHC practice).
Nuclear staining varies between fields or specimens.	SMAD1 can move from cytoplasm to nucleus during BMP signaling (UniProt Q15797 function and subcellular location). Variation can also reflect sampling or staining differences (general IHC practice).	Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately in comparable cell types and review run controls; avoid calling pathway activation from total SMAD1 localization alone (UniProt Q15797 function; general IHC practice).

Source: UniProt Q15797 Human Protein Atlas tissue Human Protein Atlas subcellular

Experiment evidence

IHC & IF images showing SMAD1 staining

M00728-3 staining SMAD1 in human skeletal muscle tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with formaldehyde and blocked with 3% BSA for 0. 5 hour at room temperature; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation with a citrate buffer (pH6). Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/25) for 1 hours at 37°C. A undiluted biotinylated goat polyvalent antibody was used as the secondary antibody.

M00728-3 · IHCM00728-3 staining SMAD1 in human skeletal muscle tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded s

M00728-3 staining SMAD1 in human colon tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections). Tissue was fixed with formaldehyde and blocked with 3% BSA for 0. 5 hour at room temperature; antigen retrieval was by heat mediation with a citrate buffer (pH6). Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/25) for 1 hours at 37°C. A undiluted biotinylated goat polyvalent antibody was used as the secondary antibody.

M00728-3 · IHCM00728-3 staining SMAD1 in human colon tissue sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections).

Immunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line) cells labeling SMAD1 with M00728-3 at 1/25 dilution, followed by Dylight® 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody at 1/200 dilution (green). Immunofluorescence image showing nucleus and weak cytoplasm staining on HeLa cell line. Cytoplasmic actin is detected with Dylight® 554 Phalloidin at 1/100 dilution (red). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).

M00728-3 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cell

M00728 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon, using Smad1 Antibody.

M00728-1 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney, using Smad1 Antibody.

M00728-1 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis using the Antibody at 1:50 dilution.

HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000170365-SMAD1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_2162352

HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000170365-SMAD1/tissue/colon#imid_2162294

HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000170365-SMAD1/tissue/liver#imid_2162279

HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000170365-SMAD1/tissue/kidney#imid_2162288

HPA · ICC-IF MCF-7Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, MCF-7, antibody CAB005389; green = SMAD1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.

← swipe / scroll for more images →

Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.

Sample controls for SMAD1 IHC & IF

🧪Start with stomach: glandular cells should stain (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells). Use parathyroid gland glandular cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected); on the stomach slide, compare staining with adjacent nonglandular cells as a background reference, without assuming those cells lack SMAD1 (HPA: stomach glandular cells High; standard IHC interpretation).

Positive control tissue: Epididymis (Glandular cells, HPA High)

Negative control tissue: Adrenal gland (HPA Not detected)

ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SMAD1 in MCF-7, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).

Technical controls: Run a no-primary, secondary-only control and an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host species, isotype and concentration; confirm specificity with SMAD1-knockout material or peptide blocking if the immunizing peptide is available (standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase and inspect gastric mucin and luminal material for background chromogen (standard IHC practice).

⚠️Feasibility: A SMAD1-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected-SKU fixative field is unreported (supplied IHC evidence; selected-SKU metadata). The selected-SKU paraffin-section caption reports heat retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6, but does not establish that retrieval is required for every antibody or specimen (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). The supplied evidence does not establish frozen sections or IF as easier; for stomach IHC, distinguish glandular cell staining from luminal or mucin-associated background (HPA: High in stomach glandular cells; standard IHC interpretation).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for SMAD1

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Epididymis	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Stomach	Glandular cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Appendix	Glandular cells	Medium	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Breast	Glandular cells	Medium	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Bronchus	Respiratory epithelial cells	Medium	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Adrenal gland	Glandular cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Esophagus	Squamous epithelial cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Liver	Cholangiocytes	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Ovary	Ovarian stroma cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Parathyroid gland	Glandular cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Section 3

Advanced SMAD1 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot SMAD1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment-specific signal, controls and scoring before interpreting BMP activity.

What should I change if SMAD1 staining is weak after retrieval?

Start with heat-mediated citrate retrieval at pH 6 for paraffin sections (datasheet M00728-3). The selected antibody’s tissue-IHC example used this retrieval with primary antibody at 1:25 for 1 hour at 37°C (M00728-3 tissue-IHC caption). If signal is weak, compare a modestly longer heating interval against the original condition on adjacent sections, keeping cooling and detection steps consistent (standard IHC practice). Check whether both cytoplasmic and nuclear staining improve, since either compartment can contain SMAD1 (UniProt Q15797; HPA tissue IHC). Excessive retrieval can damage morphology or increase background, so retain the condition that preserves interpretable cellular boundaries (standard IHC practice).

Could fixation explain weak or uneven SMAD1 staining?

SMAD1-specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; do not assign a target-specific fixation effect to a particular fixative or duration. Record the fixative, fixation time, section thickness and processing history for each specimen, then compare sections processed alike (standard IHC practice). For a suspected fixation issue, examine morphology and compare a consistently processed control section before changing retrieval or antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). Avoid interpreting a staining difference between differently processed samples as a biological SMAD1 difference without a matched processing check (standard IHC practice). Keep nuclear and cytoplasmic assessments separate during that comparison because SMAD1 can occupy both compartments (UniProt Q15797).

Is cytoplasmic SMAD1 staining compatible with a valid IHC result?

Yes: SMAD1 can be cytoplasmic without ligand and can move into the nucleus in a SMAD4-containing complex (UniProt Q15797). HPA reports cytoplasmic and nuclear expression across most tissues, while its subcellular assessment supports cytosol and nucleoplasm (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Evaluate each compartment within intact cells using a nuclear counterstain, and compare the same cell population across matched sections (standard IHC practice). A shift toward nuclear signal may fit BMP pathway activation, but total-SMAD1 staining alone does not establish phosphorylation or transcriptional activity (UniProt Q15797 function; standard IHC interpretation). Treat isolated diffuse staining outside recognizable cells as suspect and inspect morphology and detection controls (standard IHC practice).

Can this antibody distinguish SMAD1 isoforms or phosphorylation states in tissue?

The supplied record lists 2 SMAD1 isoforms, but gives no epitope map for the catalog antibody (UniProt Q15797; supplied antibody evidence). Therefore, do not assign staining to a particular isoform or assume equal recognition of both isoforms without direct validation (standard IHC interpretation). SMAD1 has an MH1 domain at residues 12–136 and an MH2 domain at 271–465, with phosphorylation reported at residues 322, 463 and 465 (UniProt Q15797). Those modifications do not establish whether this antibody recognizes phosphorylated SMAD1, because its epitope is unspecified (supplied antibody evidence). Use an independently validated phospho-specific assay if the question is pathway activation, and interpret this stain as total-antigen distribution only after specificity controls (standard IHC practice).

How should I adapt SMAD1 localisation checks for multiplex IF?

Treat IF/ICC as a separate validation task; the supplied M00728-3 example documents chromogenic tissue IHC rather than IF performance (M00728-3 tissue-IHC caption). Multiplex SMAD1 with a marker identifying the cell population being assessed, then score nuclear and cytoplasmic signal within those marked cells (standard IF practice; UniProt Q15797 localisation). Choose fluorophores after inspecting tissue autofluorescence and place the weaker signal in a channel with better contrast (standard IF practice). SMAD1 has no transmembrane segment and occupies cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments, so optimise permeabilisation for access to intracellular epitopes while preserving cell morphology (UniProt Q15797 topology and localisation; standard IF practice). Include single-stain and secondary-only controls to assess bleed-through and nonspecific fluorescence (standard IF practice).

How can I reduce diffuse or misleading chromogenic background?

First compare the stained section with a no-primary control to identify signal from the detection reagents or tissue itself (standard IHC practice). The selected M00728-3 tissue example used 3% BSA blocking for 0.5 hour at room temperature and primary antibody at 1:25 (M00728-3 tissue-IHC caption). If background persists, titrate the primary and strengthen washes while holding retrieval and development time constant (standard IHC practice). Apply a peroxidase block when using enzyme-based DAB detection, and inspect a no-primary section for endogenous enzyme signal (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Preserve plausible nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular staining while rejecting precipitate or signal outside intact cells (UniProt Q15797 localisation; standard IHC practice).

What is a defensible way to score SMAD1 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION

Define the cell population and tissue region before scoring, then record nuclear and cytoplasmic staining separately (standard IHC practice; UniProt Q15797 localisation). For each compartment, report the percentage of positive cells and an intensity-based H-score using the same thresholds across specimens (standard IHC practice). If counting discrete positive cells, report density per mm² of viable tissue and state the area measured (standard IHC practice). Normalize comparisons to the number of eligible cells or viable tissue area, and keep section processing and image acquisition consistent (standard IHC practice). HPA notes low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression, so avoid treating RNA abundance as a direct calibration of IHC intensity (HPA tissue IHC).

When should apparent SMAD1 positivity be treated as artefact?

A credible result has staining within intact cells in plausible cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments, with a cleaner no-primary control (UniProt Q15797 localisation; standard IHC practice). HPA reports high staining in epididymal and stomach glandular cells, but also flags low consistency between staining and RNA data; use these observations as context, not proof of specificity (HPA tissue IHC). Investigate signal limited to section edges, necrotic areas or the wrong cell population before scoring it as SMAD1 (standard IHC practice). With peroxidase detection, compare a no-primary section after enzyme blocking to assess endogenous activity (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Nuclear staining can accompany BMP signaling, but total SMAD1 localisation alone cannot demonstrate receptor-mediated phosphorylation (UniProt Q15797 function; standard IHC interpretation).

Boster reagents

Best SMAD1 / SMAD family member 1 IHC Antibodies

Anti-SMAD1 options include human paraffin-section IHC images (M00728, M00728-3, M00728-1 image captions) and human cell IF data (M00728-3 IF caption); M00728-1 also lists mouse ICC/IF reactivity (catalog).

Real IHC data

Anti-SMAD1 Antibody

Cat # M00728-3

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Real IHC data Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon, using Smad1 Antibody.

Anti-Smad1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Cat # M00728

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Real IHC data Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney, using Smad1 Antibody.

Anti-Smad1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Cat # M00728-1

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M00728-3 shows IHC staining of formaldehyde-fixed human skeletal muscle sections (IHC image caption); M00728 shows paraffin-embedded human colon IHC, with fixative unreported (IHC image caption). M00728-1 has a paraffin-embedded human kidney IHC image caption, with fixative unreported, while its listed applications are ICC/IF rather than IHC (IHC image caption; catalog applications).

Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose mouse monoclonal M00728-3 when the documented formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-section workflow fits your sample (catalog; M00728-3 IHC image caption), or rabbit monoclonal M00728 for paraffin-embedded human colon; its caption does not report a fixative (catalog; M00728 IHC image caption). For IF/ICC, M00728-3 has a human HeLa IF image, while rabbit monoclonal M00728 lists both applications without an IF image in this payload (M00728-3 IF image caption; M00728 catalog). For human and mouse ICC/IF, choose rabbit monoclonal M00728-1 based on its listed reactivity and applications; its kidney IHC caption does not establish IHC as a listed application (M00728-1 catalog; M00728-1 IHC image caption).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q15797 (SMAD1_HUMAN, SMAD family member 1).
Human Protein Atlas. SMAD1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
Human Protein Atlas. SMAD1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol..
Human Protein Atlas. SMAD1 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
Expression of BMP-4 and Smad1 in patients with Hirschsprung disease and its clinical significance. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2019 — PMC6566125.
Smad1 expression in follicular lymphoma. Journal of pathology and translational medicine 2015 — PMC4440936.
Spatial regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in postnatal articular and growth plate cartilage. PloS one 2017 — PMC5414995.
BMP9 attenuates microgravity-related disuse osteoporosis by modulating TGFβ and BMP signaling. NPJ microgravity 2025 — PMC12316925.
PubMed PMID:8673135 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:8637600 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:8653785 — UniProt-cited evidence.