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SNAP23 / Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SNAP23
Plan chromogenic SNAP23 IHC in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody’s documented IHC-P conditions (datasheet A02487-1). Compare membranous staining in HPA-supported positive and negative cell populations, and account for unresolved isoform coverage (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SNAP23 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Membranous staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Membranous; high at fallopian tube cilia tips (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02487-1) | |
| Positive control | Fallopian tube+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining varies by cell type; myocytes are undetected (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Low tissue specificity (HPA tissue RNA) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SNAP23 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet: A02487-1); the published mouse lung protocol uses citrate at pH 6.0 (PMC4613665).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lymphoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02487-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02487-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02487-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A02487-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SNAP23, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A02487-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02487-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A02487-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SNAP23-positive staining in ciliated cells (tip of cilia) of fallopian tube (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Membranous expression in several tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet: A02487-1). Try citrate at pH 6.0 when adapting the published mouse lung protocol (PMC4613665).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SNAP23 Staining Pattern?
SNAP23 is a cell membrane protein with no transmembrane segment (UniProt O00161: subcellular location and topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect predominantly membranous staining in several tissues, including ciliated cells of the fallopian tube and glandular cells in selected organs (HPA: tissue IHC). Use those patterns as guides: HPA rates the tissue staining Approved, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability).
| Membranous signal in fallopian tube ciliated cells, strongest at ciliary tips (HPA: High in fallopian tube ciliated cells). | This matches the most intense supplied tissue-IHC example; assess the ciliated cells and their tips separately from neighboring cells (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Moderate membranous staining in adrenal, breast, cervical or duodenal glandular cells (HPA: Medium in those cells; membranous tissue profile). | This is compatible with the reported pattern. Compare staining within the relevant cell type; HPA's level describes its observed IHC result, not a required score for every specimen (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining, without a convincing membrane pattern (UniProt O00161: cell membrane; HPA: membranous tissue profile). | Treat this as a suspect compartment pattern and check the control and detection steps before calling it SNAP23; the supplied sources do not support nuclear localization (UniProt O00161; HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Strong color in cells HPA lists as undetected, such as adipocytes or cardiomyocytes (HPA: Not detected in those cells). | Investigate antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity (general IHC practice). Score the named cells rather than the whole tissue; an undetected HPA result is not proof that every specimen must be negative (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse color across cells and tissue spaces, with poor membrane definition (HPA: membranous tissue profile). | This favors background over an interpretable SNAP23 pattern. Review blocking, antibody concentration, washing and chromogen development alongside controls (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected SNAP23 appearanceCall a result positive when staining is chiefly membranous in the expected cells, with high signal at fallopian tube ciliary tips or medium signal in the listed glandular cells; isolated nuclear or diffuse color is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt O00161: cell membrane).
| Compartment and topology (UniProt O00161: cell membrane; no transmembrane segment). | Interpret membrane-associated staining as the expected pattern; absence of a transmembrane segment does not make a nuclear pattern expected (UniProt O00161; HPA: membranous tissue profile). |
| Cell and tissue choice (HPA: High in fallopian tube ciliated cells; Medium in selected glandular cells). | Choose a supplied positive cell population for comparison. HPA also reports undetected adipocytes and cardiomyocytes, so score cell identity as well as overall color (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Strength of tissue evidence (HPA: Approved; medium staining–RNA consistency). | Use the tissue profile as an expectation, with confirmation from appropriate controls when a specimen differs. Approved staining does not by itself establish specificity in every cell or specimen (HPA: reliability). |
| Isoforms and antibody target (UniProt O00161: SNAP-23a and SNAP-23b). | Two isoforms are recorded, but the supplied sources give no epitope or isoform coverage for a proposed IHC antibody. Do not assign a tissue difference to one isoform (UniProt O00161: isoforms). |
| IHC antibody evidence (HPA: HPA001214, CAB037083 and CAB037317 IHC Approved). | These validation labels support use of the reported IHC pattern as a reference; they do not provide a dilution, antigen-retrieval condition or proof of identical performance across assays (HPA: antibody status). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Where should fluorescence appear? (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Mainly at the plasma membrane (HPA: supported); primary-cilium localization is additional and uncertain (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). This IF observation does not supply a paraffin-IHC protocol (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in fallopian tube ciliated cells, including ciliary tips (HPA: High in those cells). | A failed staining run or a specimen-level difference is possible; HPA's Approved profile has medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: reliability; general IHC practice). | Check a positive control, antibody and detection reagents, and the run's retrieval conditions before interpreting the absence (general IHC practice). |
| Only nuclear staining is visible (UniProt O00161: cell membrane; HPA: membranous tissue profile). | The compartment conflicts with both supplied localization records; nonspecific staining or detection background is possible (UniProt O00161; HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Compare with controls and inspect membrane detail; withhold a positive call if the nuclear pattern persists without expected staining (general IHC practice). |
| Strong color appears in adipocytes or cardiomyocytes (HPA: Not detected in those cells). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity may contribute; HPA's result is a cell-specific observation, not a universal negative rule (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Identify the stained cells, review antibody and detection controls, and reassess before calling those cells positive (general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse background obscures cell borders (HPA: membranous tissue profile). | Inadequate blocking or washing, excessive antibody concentration, or prolonged chromogen development can reduce contrast (general IHC practice). | Review blocking and washes, titrate the antibody, and control chromogen development while comparing positive and negative controls (general IHC practice). |
| Signal differs among the listed tissues or cell types (HPA: High, Medium, Low and Not detected entries). | The supplied IHC profile already varies by cell population, and its staining–RNA consistency is medium (HPA: tissue IHC; reliability). | Score the specified cells and compartments in each tissue; compare differences with the reported cell-level pattern before changing assay conditions (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| An IF image shows a primary-cilium signal that paraffin IHC does not clearly reproduce (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | HPA calls primary-cilium localization uncertain in ICC-IF; its main supported location is the plasma membrane (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Judge paraffin IHC against the HPA membranous tissue pattern and its reported ciliated-cell staining; avoid requiring an IF-only detail for an IHC positive call (HPA: tissue IHC; subcellular ICC-IF). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SNAP23 staining
A02487-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (A02487-1). SNAP23 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lymphoma tissue. H
A02487-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (A02487-1). SNAP23 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tiss
A02487-1 · IFIF analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (A02487-1). SNAP23 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of T47D cells. Enzyme anti
A02487 · IHCIHC analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (A02487). SNAP23 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of differentiated adenocarcin
A02487 · IHCIHC analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (A02487). SNAP23 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human gastric signet ring
PA1774 · IHCAnti-SNAP23 antibody, PA1774, IHC(P) IHC(P): Human Placenta Tissue
PA1774 · IHCAnti-SNAP23 antibody, PA1774, IHC(F) IHC(F): Human Placenta Tissue
PA1774 · IFIF analysis of SNAP23 using anti-SNAP23 antibody (PA1774). SNAP23 was detected in immunocytochemical section of T47D cells. Enzyme antigen r
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000092531-SNAP23/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_514994
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000092531-SNAP23/tissue/colon#imid_10575739
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000092531-SNAP23/tissue/liver#imid_514921
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000092531-SNAP23/tissue/kidney#imid_514930
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA001214; green = SNAP23, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA001214; green = SNAP23, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SNAP23 IHC & IF
🧪Run fallopian tube first and look for staining at the tip of cilia in ciliated cells (HPA: High). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the negative comparison (HPA: Not detected); on the fallopian tube slide, assess cells without ciliary-tip staining as internal background references, without assuming a named cell type is SNAP23-negative.
Positive control tissue: Fallopian tube (Ciliated cells (tip of cilia), HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SNAP23 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), Sperm, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control; a concentration-matched rabbit isotype control for the rabbit catalog antibody (caption: rabbit anti-SNAP23); and, if available, SNAP23-knockout material or an immunizing-peptide competition control. For chromogenic staining, block endogenous peroxidase and check ciliary edges for nonspecific DAB signal; for IF, assess tissue autofluorescence with the no-primary control (standard IHC/IF practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A02487-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is reported for the lymphoma IHC example, but retrieval dependence in fallopian tube is unreported (caption: EDTA pH 8.0 in lymphoma). No supplied evidence shows that frozen sections or IF are easier; IF may help resolve ciliary-tip signal, which should be interpreted against possible edge artefact (HPA: High at tip of cilia; standard IF practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SNAP23
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fallopian tube | Ciliated cells (tip of cilia) | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Endothelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SNAP23 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SNAP23 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular compartment, controls, and scoring before interpreting signal (datasheet A02487-1; UniProt O00161).
Which retrieval condition should I try first for weak SNAP23 staining?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A02487-1). Run the IHC-validated antibody on adjacent sections with the same detection and DAB development conditions, so retrieval is the variable being assessed (standard IHC practice; datasheet A02487-1). The published product image used 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, providing a starting concentration for comparison (datasheet A02487-1). If staining remains weak, vary heating duration or test another retrieval buffer as a fallback, while checking tissue preservation and background on matched sections (standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by clearer membrane-associated staining, not simply more widespread DAB deposition (UniProt O00161 localisation; standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven SNAP23 staining?
The supplied SNAP23 tissue caption describes a paraffin section but does not state its fixative, so target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (datasheet A02487-1). Record the fixative, fixation interval, tissue thickness, and processing history for each specimen before comparing staining across cases (standard IHC practice). If staining varies, process matched material under consistent conditions and hold retrieval, antibody concentration, and DAB development constant (standard IHC practice). Assess morphology alongside the membrane signal, since damaged tissue can make compartment assignment unreliable (UniProt O00161 localisation; standard IHC practice). Do not infer a preferred fixative from SNAP23 modifications, topology, or tissue staining patterns (UniProt O00161; HPA tissue IHC).
Where should convincing SNAP23 staining appear in tissue sections?
Prioritise a cell-associated membrane pattern: SNAP23 is assigned to the cell membrane, and tissue IHC reports membranous expression in several tissues (UniProt O00161 localisation; HPA tissue IHC). SNAP23 has no transmembrane segment, so a crisp outline can support localisation without proving that the protein spans the membrane (UniProt O00161 topology; standard IHC interpretation). HPA reports high staining at ciliated-cell tips in fallopian tube, while its additional primary-cilium location remains uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Compare candidate signal with cell borders and morphology on the same section, including the counterstain (standard IHC practice). Diffuse nuclear DAB alone warrants reassessment with controls before calling it SNAP23 (UniProt O00161 localisation; standard IHC practice).
Can this stain distinguish SNAP23 isoforms or modified epitopes?
SNAP23 has 2 listed isoforms, SNAP-23a and SNAP-23b, but the supplied IHC caption gives no epitope map (UniProt O00161 isoforms; datasheet A02487-1). Treat chromogenic signal as SNAP23 immunoreactivity rather than isoform-specific staining unless binding to each isoform is established separately (UniProt O00161 isoforms; standard IHC interpretation). The protein has reported phosphorylation sites, including serines 5, 6, 20, and 23; their effect on this antibody's binding is unspecified (UniProt O00161 modified residues; datasheet A02487-1). Check the antibody's immunogen or mapped epitope before designing an isoform or modification comparison (standard IHC practice). Use matched retrieval and detection across specimens so technical variation does not masquerade as an epitope difference (standard IHC practice).
How should I plan a complementary SNAP23 IF experiment?
Use IF as a separate validation experiment and multiplex SNAP23 with a marker identifying the cell population being evaluated (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). For ciliated structures, the reported fallopian-tube tip staining offers a localisation to inspect, while primary-cilium assignment remains uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Choose fluorophores after examining unstained tissue in each channel, placing the weaker signal where autofluorescence is lower (standard IF practice). SNAP23 lacks a transmembrane segment, but the antibody epitope's membrane-facing side is not supplied; compare gentle permeabilisation with no permeabilisation when access is uncertain (UniProt O00161 topology; standard IF practice). Include single-label and secondary-only controls to assess bleed-through and background before interpreting overlap (standard IF practice).
How can I reduce diffuse or cell-specific DAB background?
Begin with a section lacking primary antibody and inspect where DAB still appears; that pattern helps separate detection background from antibody-associated signal (standard IHC practice). The selected tissue image used 10% goat serum blocking and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, so those conditions are relevant starting points for reproducing it (datasheet A02487-1). Apply a peroxidase block and compare shorter DAB development or a lower primary concentration on adjacent sections if background persists (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Check whether staining concentrates at section edges, folds, or damaged areas before scoring cells (standard IHC practice). Preserve a candidate membranous pattern while optimising, because broad loss of DAB is not evidence of improved specificity (UniProt O00161 localisation; standard IHC practice).
What is a defensible way to quantify SNAP23 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the tissue compartment and eligible cell population before scoring, then record membrane staining separately from diffuse cytoplasmic or nuclear signal (UniProt O00161 localisation; standard IHC practice). For cell-based scoring, report percentage positive cells and an H-score from 0–300 using intensity grades 0–3 (standard IHC practice). If spatial distribution matters, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable, annotated tissue (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the number of eligible cells or measured viable area, and apply identical thresholds, retrieval, and DAB development across samples (standard IHC practice). HPA reports medium consistency between staining and RNA expression, so interpret small score differences cautiously (HPA tissue IHC).
How do I distinguish true SNAP23 signal from staining artefacts?
Seek a reproducible membrane-associated pattern in intact cells, consistent with SNAP23 cell-membrane localisation and the reported membranous tissue profile (UniProt O00161 localisation; HPA tissue IHC). Compare the stained cell type with the expected compartment: fallopian-tube ciliated-cell tips were reported high, whereas adipocytes were reported undetected in the HPA survey (HPA tissue IHC). Reject isolated section-edge, fold, or necrotic-area staining as evidence without confirmation in preserved tissue (standard IHC practice). Persistent DAB in a no-primary control raises concern about endogenous enzyme activity or detection background (standard IHC practice). The product caption documents staining in paraffin-embedded human lymphoma tissue, but does not establish that every stained cell there is a true positive (datasheet A02487-1; standard IHC interpretation).
Boster reagents
Best SNAP23 / Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 IHC Antibodies
Validated anti-SNAP23 antibodies have IHC images from human paraffin sections and IF images from human T47D cells (catalog image captions); PA1774 also lists mouse and rat reactivity (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-SNAP23 Antibody ®
Cat # A02487-1
Real IHC data
Anti-SNAP23 Antibody ®
Cat # A02487
Real IHC data
Anti-SNAP23 Antibody ®
Cat # PA1774
A02487-1 has human lymphoma IHC and T47D IF images; A02487 has human rectal adenocarcinoma IHC data (catalog image captions). PA1774 has human placenta IHC data and a T47D IF image, with human, mouse and rat reactivity listed (catalog image captions; catalog applications/reactivity).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A02487-1 or A02487 according to the sample shown in each SKU’s own human paraffin-section image; neither caption reports the fixative (A02487-1 and A02487 IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, choose A02487-1, which lists both applications and has a T47D IF image (A02487-1 catalog applications; IF image caption). For work across human, mouse and rat samples, consider PA1774 because it lists reactivity in all three species, although its pictured paraffin-section IHC example is human placenta and its fixative is unreported (PA1774 catalog reactivity; IHC image caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O00161 (SNP23_HUMAN, Synaptosomal-associated protein 23).
- Human Protein Atlas. SNAP23 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. SNAP23 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to the primary cilium..
- Human Protein Atlas. SNAP23 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- The SNARE protein SNAP23 and the SNARE-interacting protein Munc18c in human skeletal muscle are implicated in insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2010 — PMC2911056.
- SNAP23 is selectively expressed in airway secretory cells and mediates baseline and stimulated mucin secretion. Bioscience reports 2015 — PMC4613665.
- SNAP23 promotes the malignant process of ovarian cancer. Journal of ovarian research 2016 — PMC5114815.
- LINC00511 drives invasive behavior in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating exosome secretion and invadopodia formation. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 2021 — PMC8176717.
- PubMed PMID:8663154 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9070898 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:11354632 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SNAP23 (Synaptosomal-associated protein 23). Expected localisation Membranous staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A02487-1). Validated IHC antibody: A02487-1 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Fallopian tube (Ciliated cells (tip of cilia)); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lymphoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A02487-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A02487-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A02487-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A02487-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SNAP23, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A02487-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A02487-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining varies by cell type; myocytes are undetected (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Low tissue specificity (HPA tissue RNA). Evidence: UniProt O00161, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A02487-1, PMC4613665. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SNAP23/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.