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SNW1 / SNW domain-containing protein 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SNW1
Plan SNW1 paraffin IHC around general nuclear staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC). The IHC-validated antibody has a 1:50–1:100 dilution range (datasheet: A03854-1), with paraffin-section images at 1:100 in rat brain and human lung cancer (datasheet: A03854-1).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SNW1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | General nuclear staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear staining across diverse cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Low tissue specificity limits tissue contrast (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms annotated; chain spans residues 2–536 (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SNW1 IHC & IF Protocols
Compare the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet) with the published prostate cancer tissue microarray protocol (PMC6495565) when planning SNW1 nuclear staining (UniProt Q13573).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03854-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03854-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: nuclear antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SNW1, 1:50-1:100 (datasheet A03854-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SNW1-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval); SNW1 is nuclear (UniProt Q13573).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SNW1 Staining Pattern?
SNW1 is a nuclear protein without a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q13573: location, topology). In paraffin tissue IHC, expect nuclear staining across many cell types, including adipocytes, glandular cells, hematopoietic cells and respiratory epithelial cells (HPA: general nuclear expression; High in listed cells). HPA rates the tissue pattern Supported, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression; use it as a reference pattern rather than an absolute rule (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
| Clear nuclear chromogen in glandular cells, adipocytes or hematopoietic cells (HPA: High in these cells). | This fits the general nuclear IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Judge signal against the counterstain and nearby background; a visible nucleus is needed to assign the compartment (standard IHC practice). |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic, membranous or extracellular chromogen, with little nuclear signal (HPA: general nuclear IHC profile). | Treat this as discordant with the expected IHC pattern, and check background and detection controls (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). HPA reports an additional cytosolic location in ICC-IF, so cytoplasmic color alone does not establish a specific IHC result (HPA: ICC-IF location). |
| An unexpected cell population stains while expected nuclei in the same section are blank (HPA: general nuclear expression). | Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, especially if color follows pigment, blood or tissue edges (standard IHC practice). Broad SNW1 expression means cell identity alone cannot prove a false positive (HPA: low tissue specificity). |
| Diffuse color covers nuclei and surrounding tissue without crisp boundaries (standard IHC practice). | The compartment cannot be scored reliably. Excess antibody or detection reagent, incomplete blocking, or residual reagent may raise background; inspect a matched negative control before interpreting weak nuclei (standard IHC practice). |
| No nuclear color in a reference section containing HPA-listed High cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | The run may have failed, or the sampled cells may differ from the HPA reference. Check section identity, controls, retrieval and detection before calling the specimen negative; HPA's Supported rating is not a guarantee for every section (HPA: tissue IHC reliability; standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected SNW1 appearanceCall SNW1 positive when discernible nuclear chromogen appears in expected cells, with readily detectable signal in an HPA High reference population; isolated membrane, extracellular or field-wide color is suspect (HPA: general nuclear expression, High in listed cells; UniProt Q13573: topology; standard IHC practice).
| Compartment reference (UniProt Q13573: nucleus; HPA: tissue IHC and ICC-IF). | IHC has a general nuclear profile; ICC-IF places SNW1 mainly in nucleoplasm and additionally in cytosol (HPA: tissue IHC, ICC-IF location). Score paraffin IHC by its nuclear pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Tissue reference strength (HPA: Supported; medium RNA–staining consistency). | HPA lists High staining in several tissues, including adrenal gland glandular cells and bronchial respiratory epithelial cells, but reports low RNA tissue specificity (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare cell types within a section; do not impose a tissue-negative rule (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody validation (HPA: HPA002457 and CAB009931 IHC Supported). | Those two antibodies have IHC Supported status; HPA017370 has no listed IHC status (HPA: antibody records). Status supports use of the reported pattern but does not validate an unlisted antibody or a particular run (HPA: antibody records; standard IHC practice). |
| Topology and processing (UniProt Q13573: no transmembrane segment or signal peptide). | A cell-surface outline is inconsistent with the annotated protein and nuclear location (UniProt Q13573: topology, location). The record gives no basis for a shed-protein staining pattern (UniProt Q13573: processing). |
| Retrieval and detection controls (standard IHC practice). | For paraffin IHC, evaluate retrieval and chromogenic detection against a positive reference and a negative control (standard IHC practice). No supplied source establishes SNW1-specific fixation sensitivity or an optimal retrieval condition. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected reference cells lack nuclear signal (HPA: High in listed cells). | An uninformative run, weak detection or unsuitable retrieval is possible; HPA does not establish an SNW1-specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC scope). | Verify section identity and positive-control performance, then review the antibody's IHC instructions and retrieval and detection steps before interpreting the specimen (standard IHC practice). |
| Diffuse brown haze obscures nuclei (standard IHC practice). | High reagent concentration, incomplete blocking or inadequate washing may raise chromogenic background (standard IHC practice). | Compare the negative control, review blocking and washes, and optimize antibody concentration using an interpretable positive reference (standard IHC practice). |
| Cytoplasm stains strongly but nuclei remain blank (HPA: general nuclear IHC profile). | This differs from tissue IHC, although HPA also reports cytosol in ICC-IF; background or cross-reactivity remains possible (HPA: tissue IHC, ICC-IF location; standard IHC practice). | Score nuclear IHC separately, inspect controls and repeat with an IHC-supported antibody if the discrepancy persists (HPA: antibody records; standard IHC practice). |
| Color appears mainly in an unexpected population while reference nuclei are blank (HPA: general nuclear expression). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; broad expression prevents a cell-type exclusion from HPA alone (HPA: low tissue specificity; standard IHC practice). | Review the negative control and staining morphology, confirm the cell identities, and compare with an independent IHC-supported antibody where available (HPA: antibody records; standard IHC practice). |
| Dense chromogen or counterstain makes nuclear boundaries unreadable (standard IHC practice). | Overdevelopment or a heavy counterstain can obscure compartment assignment (standard IHC practice). | Adjust development or counterstaining and rescore only cells whose nuclei can be identified (standard IHC practice). |
| Can ICC-IF cytosolic staining justify a cytoplasmic IHC call (HPA: ICC-IF additional cytosol)? | The assays have distinct reference observations: nucleoplasm with additional cytosol in ICC-IF, versus general nuclear tissue IHC (HPA: ICC-IF location; tissue IHC). | Use the nuclear tissue profile for this paraffin IHC result; consult the separate IF/ICC guide for IF interpretation (HPA: tissue IHC, ICC-IF location). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SNW1 staining
A03854-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded rat brain using SNW1 antibody at dilution of 1:100 .Perform microwave antigen retrieval with 10 mM
A03854-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human lung cancer using SNW1 antibody at dilution of 1:100 .Perform microwave antigen retrieval wi
A03854 · IFImmunofluorescence of Ski in human kidney tissue with Ski antibody at 20 μg/mL.
M03854 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cell
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000100603-SNW1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_901208
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000100603-SNW1/tissue/colon#imid_901142
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000100603-SNW1/tissue/liver#imid_901135
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000100603-SNW1/tissue/kidney#imid_901144
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA017370; green = SNW1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA017370; green = SNW1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SNW1 IHC & IF
🧪Run bone marrow first and look for staining in hematopoietic cells (HPA: High in hematopoietic cells). HPA detects SNW1 in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no validated negative tissue; use no-primary and isotype controls, and treat any unstained nuclei on the positive slide as background-level observations rather than validated internal negative cells (HPA: no negative rows; standard IHC practice).
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: SNW1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SNW1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, an isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host species and clonality, and a knockout or validated peptide-block control where available (standard IHC practice). In bone marrow, quench endogenous peroxidase and check for residual chromogenic background because hematopoietic cells can contain endogenous peroxidase (HPA: High in hematopoietic cells; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A03854-1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption: fixative unreported). That caption uses microwave retrieval in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2, with antibody at 1:100, but does not establish that retrieval is required (caption: rat-brain tissue IHC). Frozen sections are not established as easier; ICC-IF shows mainly nucleoplasmic staining with additional cytosolic signal, while bone-marrow peroxidase is a potential chromogenic artefact (HPA: nucleoplasm enhanced, cytosol approved; HPA: High in hematopoietic cells; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SNW1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: SNW1 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced SNW1 IHC Tips
Use nuclear staining as the primary readout for SNW1 in chromogenic IHC, and assess weak or unexpected signal against the retrieval, localisation and control evidence below.
How should I retrieve SNW1 in paraffin sections when nuclear staining is weak?
Start with Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 heat-induced retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page setting: nuclear antigen). Cool sections gradually, then compare nuclear staining and tissue integrity with a matched section processed without retrieval (standard IHC practice). If staining remains weak or morphology suffers, test microwave retrieval in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2, as used with A03854-1 at 1:100 in paraffin-embedded rat brain (A03854-1 tissue-IHC caption). Keep antibody dilution, detection and counterstain constant during that comparison so a change in nuclear signal can be attributed to retrieval (standard IHC practice; UniProt Q13573: nucleus).
Could fixation explain weak SNW1 staining or damaged nuclear morphology?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity for SNW1 is unknown from the supplied evidence; do not infer it from its nuclear localisation or tissue staining pattern (supplied fixation evidence: none; UniProt Q13573: nucleus). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). On matched sections, compare the stated Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min with a gentler validated local condition while holding detection constant (page setting: nuclear antigen; standard IHC practice). If nuclei lose detail, reassess processing and retrieval together before changing the antibody concentration; intact nuclear morphology is needed to score SNW1 (standard IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression).
What staining compartment should count as SNW1 positive in chromogenic IHC?
Score convincing nuclear staining as the primary SNW1 signal, because UniProt places SNW1 in the nucleus and HPA reports general nuclear tissue expression (UniProt Q13573: nucleus; HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression). Within nuclei, a nucleoplasmic pattern is consistent with the HPA subcellular summary, while HPA also records an additional cytosolic location (HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm enhanced; cytosol approved). Use the counterstain to confirm that brown chromogen lies within intact nuclei rather than over adjacent cytoplasm (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Record predominantly cytoplasmic staining separately and review controls and morphology before calling it SNW1, since compartment alone cannot establish antibody specificity (HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice).
Can SNW1 isoforms or modifications change the IHC epitope readout?
The supplied UniProt record lists 0 isoforms, so there is no annotated isoform-specific IHC pattern to assign from these data (UniProt Q13573: isoforms 0). SNW1 has no annotated transmembrane segment, and its reported signal is mainly nuclear; evaluate an uncertain stain against nuclear morphology (UniProt Q13573: topology; HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm enhanced). The record includes N-terminal acetylation and several phosphoserines, but their effect on this antibody’s epitope is not established (UniProt Q13573: modified residues; supplied antibody evidence: no epitope mapping). If staining varies across similarly processed sections, check epitope documentation and compare retrieval conditions before interpreting the variation as modification-specific biology (standard IHC practice).
How can I check SNW1 localisation with multiplex IF after IHC?
Treat IF/ICC as a separate assay and assess its controls independently of the chromogenic result (standard IF practice). Pair SNW1 with a validated marker for the expected cell type and a nuclear counterstain; for example, HPA reports high SNW1 staining in caudate glial cells (HPA tissue IHC: caudate glial cells high; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after inspecting tissue autofluorescence in each channel, and keep single-stain controls for bleed-through checks (standard IF practice). Because SNW1 is mainly nucleoplasmic and has no transmembrane segment, optimise permeabilisation for access to an intracellular nuclear epitope while preserving nuclei (HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm enhanced; UniProt Q13573: topology; standard IF practice).
How do I separate diffuse DAB background from genuine SNW1 nuclear staining?
Compare the test section with a no-primary control processed through the same peroxidase block, detection chemistry and DAB development (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Review brown signal outside intact nuclei against the expected general nuclear pattern, while allowing that HPA reports an additional cytosolic location (HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression; HPA subcellular: cytosol approved). Excess chromogen development or incomplete blocking can obscure nuclear boundaries, so adjust these steps using matched sections and unchanged counterstaining (standard IHC practice). Inspect tissue edges, folds and damaged regions separately, and exclude deposits that persist in the no-primary control from SNW1 scoring (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify SNW1 across paraffin sections with unequal cellularity? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the analysis region before reviewing stain intensity, and score only morphologically intact nuclei for the primary SNW1 readout (UniProt Q13573: nucleus; standard IHC practice). Report the percentage of positive nuclei and, if intensity is reproducible across batches, an H-score using 0–3 nuclear intensity categories (standard IHC scoring practice). Normalise each result to the number of eligible nuclei in the same annotated region; if reporting positive-cell density, state it per mm² of evaluable tissue (standard IHC quantification practice). Keep section thickness, imaging, counterstain and positivity thresholds consistent, and analyse any cytoplasmic signal separately (standard IHC practice; HPA subcellular: additional cytosol).
What evidence makes a positive SNW1 IHC result credible?
A credible result shows signal in intact nuclei with a pattern compatible with general nuclear expression, and the no-primary control lacks comparable deposits (HPA tissue IHC: general nuclear expression; standard IHC practice). HPA reports high staining in several listed cell populations, including caudate glial cells and cerebellar granular-layer cells; identify the scored population rather than assigning every stained cell the same identity (HPA tissue IHC: caudate and cerebellum). Review predominantly extranuclear deposits, tissue edges and necrotic areas as possible artefacts before scoring, while recognising the reported additional cytosolic location (HPA subcellular: cytosol approved; standard IHC practice). Residual endogenous peroxidase activity can produce chromogen signal, so interpret it against a matched no-primary control and the nuclear counterstain (standard chromogenic IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best SNW1 / SNW domain-containing protein 1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog includes SNW1 IHC images from paraffin-embedded rat brain and human lung cancer (A03854-1 image captions), plus IF images from human kidney tissue and HeLa cells (A03854 and M03854 image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-SNW1 Antibody
Cat # A03854-1
Real IF data
Anti-SkiP SNW1 Antibody
Cat # A03854
Real IF data
Anti-SNW1 Antibody (C-Term)
Cat # M03854
A03854-1 has IHC images from paraffin-embedded rat brain and human lung cancer (A03854-1 image captions). A03854 has a human kidney IF image whose caption identifies the target as Ski (A03854 image caption); M03854 shows nuclear SNW1 staining by IF in HeLa cells (M03854 image caption).
Which to pick: Choose A03854-1 for tissue IHC: its application list includes IHC, and its captions show paraffin-embedded rat brain and human lung cancer stained at 1:100 after microwave retrieval in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.2; the fixative is unreported (A03854-1 applications and image captions). For IF, M03854 has a HeLa cell image using 4% paraformaldehyde fixation and 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilisation; for ICC, A03854-1 lists ICC but has no ICC image in this payload (M03854 image caption; A03854-1 applications and image captions). For work across species, A03854-1 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, with IHC images for human and rat; its IHC performance in mouse is unshown here (A03854-1 reactivity and image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q13573 (SNW1_HUMAN, SNW domain-containing protein 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. SNW1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. SNW1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. SNW1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- SNW1 is a prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer. Diagnostic pathology 2019 — PMC6495565.
- Identification and validation of key biomarkers for the early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease. Frontiers in pharmacology 2022 — PMC9441656.
- SNW1 promotes lymphatic metastasis in bladder cancer by modulating SRPK1 splicing. iScience 2026 — PMC12907903.
- PubMed PMID:9632709 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9569025 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SNW1 (SNW domain-containing protein 1). Expected localisation General nuclear staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: nuclear antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A03854-1 at 1:50-1:100 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03854-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03854-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in Tris-EDTA buffer, pH 9.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SNW1, 1:50-1:100 (datasheet A03854-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Low tissue specificity limits tissue contrast (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms annotated; chain spans residues 2–536 (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q13573, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A03854-1, PMC6495565. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SNW1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.