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SPNS1 / Protein spinster homolog 1 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SPNS1
This guide plans chromogenic IHC-P for SPNS1 with the catalog antibody starting at 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet). Assess granular cytoplasmic staining in lung macrophages and placental Hofbauer cells (HPA tissue IHC), with lysosomal membrane localization as a molecular expectation (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SPNS1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); lysosomal membrane expected (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Granular cytoplasm; high in lung macrophages and Hofbauer cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Lung+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Macrophage peroxidase may raise chromogenic background (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice) | |
| Regulation | Expression varies by cell type (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Five isoforms; epitope position is unspecified (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SPNS1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody has an IHC-P protocol (datasheet); the published skin melanoma protocol below provides a separate SPNS1 staining example (PMC8183723).
| Sample | Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09902); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-SPNS1, 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet A09902) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SPNS1-positive staining in macrophages of lung (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern, highly expressed in lung macrophages and placental trophoblasts. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 heat retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen-retrieval rule); the published microwave method does not specify a buffer (PMC8183723).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SPNS1 Staining Pattern?
SPNS1 is a 12-pass membrane protein assigned mainly to lysosomes, with occasional mitochondrial localization (UniProt Q9H2V7 localization and topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect granular cytoplasmic staining, especially in lung macrophages and placental Hofbauer cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in both; Enhanced reliability). HPA describes medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression, so interpret intensity alongside cell identity and staining pattern (HPA tissue IHC: Enhanced reliability description).
| Granular cytoplasmic staining is strongest in lung macrophages or placental Hofbauer cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in both). | This matches the reported tissue pattern and is compatible with membrane-bound intracellular compartments (HPA tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q9H2V7 localization and topology). Compare the expected cells with adjacent tissue and controls before scoring intensity (general IHC practice). |
| A dominant nuclear rim, uniform nuclear fill, or surface outline replaces granular cytoplasmic staining. | These patterns do not match the reported tissue IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC profile). Review morphology, counterstain, and control sections for an artefact (general IHC practice). HPA lists nucleolar staining only as an uncertain additional ICC-IF location, so it does not establish a nuclear IHC pattern (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Strong staining appears in adipocytes, esophageal squamous cells, or skeletal myocytes while expected positive cells stain. | Those cell types were not detected in the HPA tissue IHC record (HPA tissue IHC: adipose tissue, esophagus, skeletal muscle). Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogen activity; compare primary-omission and detection controls before assigning SPNS1 expression (general IHC practice). |
| Color spreads evenly across stroma, lumina, or most cells without a granular cell-associated pattern. | Diffuse color is less consistent with HPA's granular cytoplasmic profile (HPA tissue IHC profile). Assess background with a primary-omission control, then inspect blocking, wash stringency, chromogen development, and tissue pigment (general IHC practice). A diffuse result alone cannot establish a new SPNS1 location. |
| No staining appears in lung macrophages or placental Hofbauer cells (HPA tissue IHC: High in both). | This is an uninformative negative result until section quality, antibody detection, and a known-positive control are checked (general IHC practice). HPA reports high staining in these cell types, but its Enhanced rating still carries only medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA tissue IHC and reliability description). |
💡Expected SPNS1 appearanceCall a result positive when recognizable lung macrophages or placental Hofbauer cells show strong, granular cytoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC: High in both; HPA tissue IHC profile); broad diffuse color or dominant nuclear staining warrants control review rather than a positive call (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC profile).
| Compartment and topology (UniProt Q9H2V7 localization and topology) | SPNS1 has 12 transmembrane segments and is assigned to the lysosome membrane, with occasional mitochondrial localization (UniProt Q9H2V7 localization and topology). This supports an intracellular granular interpretation, while chromogenic IHC alone cannot identify which individual stained granules are lysosomes (general IHC practice). |
| Cell and tissue context (HPA tissue IHC) | HPA reports High staining in lung macrophages and placental Hofbauer cells, Medium staining in several other listed cell types, and Not detected staining in others (HPA tissue IHC). Score the identified cell population rather than treating every cell in a tissue as equally positive (general IHC practice). |
| Strength of tissue evidence (HPA tissue IHC and antibodies) | The tissue IHC reliability is Enhanced, and both listed antibodies have Enhanced IHC status (HPA tissue IHC; HPA antibodies: HPA041995, HPA042988). HPA also reports only medium consistency with RNA expression, so unexpected staining still needs control-based review (HPA tissue IHC reliability description; general IHC practice). |
| Isoform coverage (UniProt Q9H2V7 isoforms) | UniProt lists five SPNS1 isoforms (UniProt Q9H2V7 isoforms). The supplied record gives no antibody epitope or isoform-specific IHC evidence; the presence or absence of a stained cell therefore cannot be assigned to a particular isoform from this section alone (UniProt Q9H2V7 isoforms; supplied HPA IHC record). |
| IF/ICC Q: Should its image set guide this IHC call? (HPA subcellular ICC-IF) | A: HPA's approved main ICC-IF location is vesicles; its nucleolar fibrillar center, Golgi, and cytosol locations are uncertain (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Use that record as localization context, while judging paraffin-section results against HPA's granular cytoplasmic tissue IHC pattern (HPA tissue IHC profile). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known-positive macrophages or Hofbauer cells have no visible stain (HPA tissue IHC: High in both). | The staining run, retrieval conditions, antibody application, or detection may have failed; the absent signal does not identify which step failed (general IHC practice). | Check a known-positive section processed in the same run, section integrity, retrieval log, primary-antibody step, and detection reagents before interpreting a negative sample (general IHC practice). |
| A positive tissue stains, but its signal is faint and hard to score. | Weak development or suboptimal assay conditions are possible (general IHC practice); HPA's High category does not specify an intensity threshold for this assay (HPA tissue IHC: High). | Compare the positive control and cell morphology first; then review the documented antibody dilution and retrieval conditions for the assay without assuming an SPNS1-specific optimum (general IHC practice). |
| Most of the section has diffuse brown color without discrete granules. | Background from nonspecific binding, insufficient washing, or overdevelopment is possible (general IHC practice); the pattern differs from HPA's granular cytoplasmic profile (HPA tissue IHC profile). | Inspect a primary-omission control and review blocking, wash steps, and chromogen time; rescore only cell-associated staining with preserved morphology (general IHC practice). |
| Color appears in HPA Not detected cells while positive cells also stain (HPA tissue IHC negative entries). | Cross-reactivity, endogenous enzyme activity, or pigment may mimic a positive result (general IHC practice). HPA's Not detected category is an observation, not proof that every specimen lacks SPNS1 (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare the suspect cells with primary-omission and detection controls, check pigment and morphology, and document the unexpected pattern separately from expected positive cells (general IHC practice). |
| The most conspicuous signal is nuclear or outlines cell surfaces. | That distribution conflicts with the reported granular cytoplasmic IHC profile (HPA tissue IHC profile). HPA's additional nucleolar ICC-IF location is uncertain and does not validate nuclear IHC staining (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). | Recheck compartment assignment using the counterstain and adjacent cells, then inspect assay controls; withhold a positive call based only on the atypical compartment (general IHC practice). |
| Granular cytoplasmic staining varies between fields or specimens. | Different fields may contain different proportions of the cell types that HPA scores at High, Medium, or Not detected levels (HPA tissue IHC). Assay variation is also possible (general IHC practice). | Identify and score the same cell type across fields, compare control sections from the run, and record intensity and distribution separately (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC cell-specific levels). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SPNS1 staining
A09902 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of SPINSTER in human lung tissue with SPINSTER antibody at 2.5 μg/ml.
A09902 · IFImmunofluorescence of SPINSTER in human lung tissue with SPINSTER antibody at 20 μg/ml.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169682-SPNS1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_12312447
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169682-SPNS1/tissue/colon#imid_12307131
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169682-SPNS1/tissue/liver#imid_12307132
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000169682-SPNS1/tissue/kidney#imid_12307133
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA041995; green = SPNS1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA041995; green = SPNS1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SPNS1 IHC & IF
🧪Run lung first and expect macrophages to stain (HPA: High in lung macrophages). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the biological tissue negative (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the lung slide, assess neighboring nonmacrophage cells as internal background comparators without assuming they are SPNS1-negative (HPA: High designation applies to macrophages).
Positive control tissue: Lung (Macrophages, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SPNS1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Vesicles (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a primary-host-matched isotype control for a monoclonal antibody, or species-matched nonimmune IgG for a polyclonal antibody; compare with SPNS1-knockout material if available (standard IHC practice). In lung, quench endogenous peroxidase for chromogenic detection and inspect macrophage pigment as a possible source of apparent signal (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported in the supplied evidence, and the selected A09902 lung IHC caption reports 2.5 μg/ml but no fixative (selected A09902 caption). Retrieval dependence is also unreported; optimize retrieval on matched sections (standard IHC practice). The supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier; lung macrophage pigment can complicate chromogenic interpretation (standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SPNS1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | Macrophages | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Placenta | Hofbauer cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Myoepithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Oral mucosa | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Follicle cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Salivary gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SPNS1 IHC Tips
SPNS1 staining is best assessed as granular cytoplasmic signal in the expected cells, with compartment and control checks guiding interpretation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H2V7 localisation).
How should I adjust retrieval when SPNS1 staining is weak or uneven?
Begin with citrate buffer at pH 6.0 for heat-induced retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen-retrieval rule). Let sections cool consistently before staining, and compare a high-signal reference such as lung macrophages across runs (standard IHC practice; HPA: High in lung macrophages). If signal remains weak, vary retrieval time around 20 min on matched sections while holding antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC optimisation). Score granular cytoplasmic staining separately from diffuse haze, because the reported tissue pattern is granular and SPNS1 is predominantly associated with lysosomal membranes (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H2V7 localisation). Excess retrieval can damage morphology, so assess tissue preservation alongside signal (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain faint SPNS1 staining in paraffin sections?
Target-specific sensitivity of SPNS1 to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected lung IHC caption does not state a fixative (A09902 tissue-IHC caption). Record fixative, fixation interval, processing schedule and section age for each specimen before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). Compare sections processed together using the same citrate retrieval at pH 6.0, 95–98 °C for 20 min (page antigen-retrieval rule; standard IHC practice). Include a tissue region with expected strong staining, such as lung macrophages, to distinguish a run-wide failure from specimen variation (HPA: High in lung macrophages; standard IHC practice). Preserve comparable morphology when judging any adjustment (standard IHC practice).
What SPNS1 staining pattern should I accept in chromogenic IHC?
Expect predominantly granular cytoplasmic staining rather than a continuous plasma-membrane outline (HPA tissue IHC: general cytoplasmic expression with a granular pattern; UniProt Q9H2V7: lysosome membrane). Assess granules within identifiable cells under the counterstain, and compare their distribution with an appropriate positive reference (standard IHC practice). Lung macrophages and placental Hofbauer cells are reported as strongly positive, while several glandular populations show medium staining (HPA tissue IHC). Occasional mitochondrial localisation is annotated, but chromogenic morphology alone cannot assign individual granules to lysosomes or mitochondria (UniProt Q9H2V7 localisation; standard IHC interpretation). Treat predominantly nuclear or extracellular deposits as suspect until controls support them (standard IHC practice).
How can epitope location affect detection of SPNS1 isoforms?
SPNS1 has 5 annotated isoforms and 12 transmembrane segments, so epitope access may depend on sequence and membrane orientation (UniProt Q9H2V7 isoforms and topology; standard IHC practice). Obtain the catalog antibody's immunogen or mapped epitope before claiming that staining represents every isoform (standard antibody validation practice). Check whether the epitope sequence is retained in the isoforms of interest, and avoid equating a shared epitope with isoform-specific detection (UniProt Q9H2V7 isoforms; standard antibody validation practice). SPNS1 has annotated N-terminal acetylation at residue 2 and phosphorylation at residue 518; their effects on this antibody are unknown without epitope data (UniProt Q9H2V7 modified residues). Interpret staining as antibody-reactive SPNS1 pending specificity controls (standard IHC practice).
How could IF help check the cellular source of an IHC signal?
Use IF as a complementary localisation check by multiplexing SPNS1 with a macrophage marker in lung or a marker identifying Hofbauer cells in placenta (HPA: High in lung macrophages and placental Hofbauer cells; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores in channels with low specimen autofluorescence, and inspect unstained and single-label controls before assigning overlapping signal (standard IF practice). Select permeabilisation according to whether the antibody epitope faces the cytosol or a membrane-enclosed lumen; its orientation is unresolved without epitope information (UniProt Q9H2V7 topology; standard IF practice). Compare punctate signal with an appropriate lysosomal marker, while remembering that apparent overlap at light-microscope resolution does not establish direct molecular association (UniProt Q9H2V7 localisation; standard IF interpretation).
How do I reduce background without losing SPNS1-positive granules?
First compare a no-primary control with the stained section to locate detection-system deposits or endogenous enzyme signal (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Include a peroxidase block before a peroxidase-based chromogen, then optimise protein blocking, antibody concentration and washes using matched sections (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Evaluate the catalog antibody's reported lung image concentration of 2.5 µg/ml as a reference point, not a universal working concentration (A09902 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC optimisation). Judge changes in lung macrophages, which have reported high SPNS1 staining, against adjacent cells and tissue background (HPA: High in lung macrophages; standard IHC practice). Preserve discrete cytoplasmic granules while reducing diffuse staining (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
What is a defensible way to score SPNS1 IHC across specimens? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and tissue region before scoring, because SPNS1 staining varies by cell type within and across tissues (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC quantification practice). For an intensity endpoint, record the percentage of cells in each staining category and calculate an H-score on a consistent scale (standard IHC quantification practice). Alternatively, report the percentage of positive cells or positive-cell density per mm² when counting discrete populations such as macrophages (standard IHC quantification practice; HPA: High in lung macrophages). Normalise counts to the number of evaluable target cells or measured viable tissue area, and exclude necrotic or folded regions by a predefined rule (standard IHC quantification practice). Keep retrieval, detection and image thresholds consistent across batches (standard IHC practice).
When should an apparent SPNS1-positive cell be considered an artefact?
A credible positive shows intracellular granular cytoplasmic staining in an identifiable cell, consistent with reported tissue staining and lysosomal membrane localisation (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q9H2V7 localisation). Strong lung macrophages or placental Hofbauer cells provide useful expected-cell checks, whereas an isolated signal in a reported negative population warrants closer control review (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation). Inspect section edges, folds and necrotic areas for deposits that do not follow intact cell boundaries (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Compare no-primary and peroxidase-block controls when staining resembles endogenous enzyme activity, and inspect the counterstain before assigning cell identity (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Chromogenic granules alone do not establish transport activity or a precise organelle identity (UniProt Q9H2V7 function and localisation; standard IHC interpretation).
Boster reagents
Best SPNS1 / Protein spinster homolog 1 IHC Antibodies
The catalog antibody has IHC and IF images from human lung tissue (catalog image captions) and lists human reactivity (catalog: A09902).
Real IHC data
Anti-SPINSTER SPNS1 Antibody
Cat # A09902
A09902 lists IHC-P and IF applications with human reactivity (catalog: A09902). Its IHC image shows human lung tissue at 2.5 μg/mL, and its IF image shows human lung tissue at 20 μg/mL (catalog image captions: A09902).
Which to pick: Choose A09902 for human paraffin-section IHC because IHC-P is listed and its own IHC image shows human lung tissue; the caption does not report the fixative (catalog: A09902 applications; A09902 IHC image caption). Choose A09902 for tissue IF based on its human lung IF image; ICC validation and clonality are unreported (catalog: A09902 applications and IF image caption; catalog: clone unspecified). No cross-species choice is supported because A09902 lists human reactivity only (catalog: A09902 reactivity).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q9H2V7 (SPNS1_HUMAN, Protein spinster homolog 1).
- Human Protein Atlas. SPNS1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. SPNS1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to vesicles. In addition localized to the nucleoli fibrillar center, the Golgi apparatus and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. SPNS1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Construction of autophagy prognostic signature and analysis of prospective molecular mechanisms in skin cutaneous melanoma patients. Medicine 2021 — PMC8183723.
- Spns1 is an iron transporter essential for megalin-dependent endocytosis. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 2024 — PMC11563593.
- Spns1 is a lysophospholipid transporter mediating lysosomal phospholipid salvage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2022 — PMC9546575.
- ATIC inhibits autophagy in hepatocellular cancer through the AKT/FOXO3 pathway and serves as a prognostic signature for modeling patient survival. International journal of biological sciences 2021 — PMC8579461.
- PubMed PMID:11340170 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15498874 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SPNS1 (Protein spinster homolog 1). Expected localisation Granular cytoplasm (HPA tissue IHC); lysosomal membrane expected (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A09902 at 2.5 μg/mL (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Lung (Macrophages); negative Adipose tissue. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Tissue sections; selected-image fixative not specified (standard IHC workflow); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A09902); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-SPNS1, 2.5 μg/mL (datasheet A09902); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Macrophage peroxidase may raise chromogenic background (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice); Isoform / epitope: Five isoforms; epitope position is unspecified (UniProt); Regulation: Expression varies by cell type (HPA tissue IHC). Evidence: UniProt Q9H2V7, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to vesicles. In addition localized to the nucleoli…, Datasheet A09902, PMC8183723. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SPNS1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.