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- Table of Contents
1 Citations 7 Q&As
Facts about Trefoil factor 3.
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Human | |
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Gene Name: | TFF3 |
Uniprot: | Q07654 |
Entrez: | 7033 |
Belongs to: |
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No superfamily |
HITF, human intestinal trefoil factor10Intestinal trefoil factor; ITF; TFF3; TFI; trefoil factor 3 (intestinal)
Mass (kDA):
10.181 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 21q22.3 |
Sequence: | 21; NC_000021.9 (42311667..42315596, complement) |
Expressed in goblet cells of the intestines and colon (at protein level). Expressed by goblet cells of small and large intestinal epithelia and also by the uterus. Also expressed in the hypothalamus where it is detected in paraventricular, periventricular and supraoptic nuclei (at protein level).
Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. Cytoplasm.
TFF3 is a molecular instrument that has many potential uses. It could be used as a marker for prognosis for gastric cancer, as also as a treatment for colon or rectal cancer. The TFF3 marker was also discovered to be an epithelial renewal factor, and could be used in both conditions. Let's look closer at the TFF3 protein.
Chimeric peptides are protein that is made from B-cell linear epitopes. It is used as molecular "tool" to detect infectious diseases. Chimeric peptides like these have demonstrated promising results according to scientists. Research into infections is a crucial area for peptide development, and Boster Bio TFF3 peptide is an excellent candidate for this.
The prognostic impact of CA19-9 and CEA is not clear. While both are typically measured before and after surgery, the combination markers have not been shown to have any prognostic value. Researchers at Fujian Medical University Union Hospital conducted a meta-analysis with the results of the current research to determine whether the markers could be used to determine the outcome of gastric cancer.
The Bcl-2 protein is a member of the Bcl-2 family of regulators which inhibit or induce cell apoptosis. Mutations of Bcl-2 cause leukemia, melanoma, and breast cancer. Bcl-2 is an IHC marker that is used to classify of lymphoid process and identification of epithelial tumors with specific epithelial characteristics. Gastric cancers may contain Bcl-6, a biomarker of the disease.
At present, gastric cancer is the second most frequent cancer in the world, and ranks sixth on the list of the most deadly cancer-related deaths in Taiwan. Unfortunately, the increase in GC has not been accompanied by an improvement in survival rates. Additionally, a lack of earlier diagnosis is the primary reason for the low survival rate which makes the development of novel therapeutic and prognostic markers essential. These cancer markers will assist in identifying patients suffering from gastric cancer as early as is possible.
The TFF3 protein is an epithelial cell-specific molecule. The TFF family of proteins enhance cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and metastasis. Boster Bio has identified several TFF proteins that regulate epithelial cell migration. TFF3 is abundantly expressed in epithelial layers of many tissues, including skin.
The TFF peptides are known to act as cell motogens and are expressed in a variety of cellular locations such as the gastric mucous neck as well as the duodenal crypt. TFF1 and TFF2 levels in mice are significantly reduced and cause abnormal GI villi. These cells are responsible for covering the denuded mucosa without proliferating. In GI epithelial restitution that is not triggered by signaling from the system, the TFF peptides are essential in coordinating the movement of epithelial cells into the breach. Furthermore the efficient restitution reduces loss of fluid and stops bacteria and luminal antigens from getting into the host tissue.
If there is extensive damage, it's necessary to add more cells to the area. Both epithelial and non-epithelial cells play a role in tissue remodeling. Inflammatory reactions can be aggravated by damage that is extensive. TFF peptides may regulate inflammation. These inflammation-related responses have a significant impact on the regeneration of epithelial tissue.
TFF peptides can be described as a secreted by the GI tract. They have multiple oncogenic and physiological effects. They are also present in the mucus layer which protects epithelial tissues within the GI tract. The protein is promiscuous. Multiple TFF isoforms may be added to a single cell. They are often secreted by epidermal cells.
In HCT-8 cells TFF3 peptide has been shown to enhance PTGS2 expression. In HCT-8 cells in particular, TFF3 boosted the expression of PTGS2 in a time-dependent manner. The TFF3 peptide was not able to induce PTGS2 expression in cells that are CD147-deficient. In the absence of CD147, TFF3-induced expression does not occur in the epithelial tissue.
In the study, researchers discovered that serum TFF3 levels correlate with characteristics of patients suffering from CRC. This correlation may be useful in predicting survival rates for patients suffering from CRC. Future research should examine this potential prognostic indicator in a larger sample of patients. However, until then more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of TFF3 in treating CRC. This article reviews the findings from the Boster Bio study.
The study demonstrated that serum TFF3 levels are increased in early CRC patients and healthy controls. There was no distinction in the proportion of patients suffering from polyps or tumors compared to those with early CRC, elevated levels of TFF3 can be an indication that CRC is taking place. Although this protein isn't yet a valid diagnostic test for CRC, it could aid doctors in determining whether the tumors that cause the condition can be treated.
Boster Bio is also developing a new treatment for cells called TAG72. This cancer immunotherapy targets CD19, the marker that is located on the surface of cancerous cells. This treatment targets the immune system through generating an immune response against cancerous cells. It is safe and has proven promising results with a xenograft model for metastatic CRC.
Researchers also examined MFG-E8, a brand new gene, in the CRC patients. This gene has been associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. It is found in the brain and in the intestinal epithelium. The connection between this gene and metastasis isn't fully understood. As an immunotherapy target this protein could be used to treat CRC.
In the study, TFF3 promoted the expression of PTGS2 protein in both the SW480 and HCT-8 cell lines in a time-dependent way. This effect was observed in both cell types, however it was less prominent in HCT-8 CD147KO cells. Additionally, TFF3 did not induce expression in HCT-8 cells lacking CD147. This suggests that TFF3 could play a crucial role in the treatment of CRC.
PMID: 9070946 by Seib T., et al. The three human trefoil genes TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 are located within a region of 55 kb on chromosome 21q22.3.
PMID: 10950923 by Berry A., et al. Refined localization of autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness DFNB10 locus using 34 novel microsatellite markers, genomic structure, and exclusion of six known genes in the region.
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