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VCP / Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for VCP
Plan chromogenic VCP IHC in paraffin sections with consistent fixation and cell-level scoring. Expect nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across tissues, with lower staining in pancreatic exocrine and smooth muscle cells (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
VCP Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cells in all tissues show nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PA2137) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep formalin fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Pancreatic exocrine and smooth muscle cells stain at low levels (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Intensity regulation is not established (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms annotated; chain spans aa 2–806 (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended VCP IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s citrate pH 6 retrieval protocol (datasheet PA2137) is accompanied by published VCP IHC protocols for spinal cord (PMC4297454) and cervical biopsies (PMC4951329).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded mouse intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PA2137) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA2137); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet PA2137) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PA2137) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-VCP, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA2137) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PA2137) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet PA2137) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | VCP-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval (datasheet PA2137). For cervical biopsies, a published protocol used retrieval solution at 95 °C for 30 minutes (PMC4951329).
Section 2
What Is the Expected VCP Staining Pattern?
VCP should show nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC: nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues). The tissue pattern has Supported reliability, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). Cytosolic, nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum localisation is consistent with VCP lacking a transmembrane segment (UniProt P55072 localisation and topology). Judge intensity within the cell type being examined (HPA tissue IHC).
| Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining appears in glandular or respiratory epithelial cells, adipocytes, hematopoietic cells, or Purkinje cells. | This matches the broad tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC: nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues). These named cell populations are reported as High (HPA tissue IHC). Assess compartments and cell identity together; intensity alone cannot establish antibody specificity (standard IHC interpretation). |
| Staining is confined to an unexpected compartment, such as the extracellular space, while cell nuclei and cytoplasm lack a convincing pattern. | Reassess this as possible background or artefact before calling it VCP: the reported IHC pattern is intracellular and nuclear/cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC), and VCP has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P55072 topology). Check morphology and the negative detection control (standard IHC practice). |
| Strong staining is concentrated in a cell population that does not fit the expected pattern for that tissue. | Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (standard IHC interpretation). VCP is broadly expressed, so staining outside a named High population is not automatically false (HPA tissue IHC: expression in all tissues). Compare the same cell type across sections and inspect the negative detection control (standard IHC practice). |
| A uniform haze covers cells and tissue spaces, obscuring nuclear and cytoplasmic boundaries. | Treat the result as uninterpretable background until the intracellular pattern can be resolved (standard IHC interpretation). Review blocking, washing, primary-antibody concentration and detection controls as general workflow variables (standard IHC practice); the HPA tissue profile does not identify a VCP-specific cause of haze. |
| No signal is visible in a tissue containing a named High cell population, such as appendix glandular cells. | First suspect an assay or section issue rather than conclude that VCP is absent (standard IHC interpretation; HPA tissue IHC: High in appendix glandular cells). Verify that the expected cells are present, then check positive-control staining and the IHC detection workflow (standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected VCP appearanceCall a result positive when identifiable cells show interpretable nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, with strong signal plausible in HPA High populations; isolated extracellular colour or uniform haze is a possible false-positive pattern (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation).
| Cell compartment | The supported tissue-level pattern is nuclear plus cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC); UniProt also places VCP in cytosol, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (UniProt P55072 localisation). Its ER association does not imply membrane-only staining (UniProt P55072 localisation and topology). |
| Tissue and cell-type intensity | HPA reports High staining in selected populations, including adipocytes and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells, but Low staining in pancreatic exocrine and smooth-muscle cells (HPA tissue IHC). Low is not a negative-control designation; HPA lists no negative population in the supplied record (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence | The supplied HPA antibodies have Supported IHC status; their ICC ratings differ (HPA antibody validation: HPA012728, HPA012814, CAB005593). Interpret a new IHC pattern against the tissue and compartment evidence rather than treating an ICC rating as IHC validation (HPA antibody validation). |
| Epitope and retrieval | No antibody epitope or VCP-specific retrieval condition is supplied (supplied UniProt and HPA records). If retrieval needs adjustment, use the catalog antibody's IHC-P guidance and matched controls (standard IHC practice); the sources do not establish VCP-specific fixation sensitivity. |
| IF/ICC Q: What localisation should be expected? | A: Mainly nucleoplasm and cytosol, both supported; mitotic-spindle and primary-cilium-associated locations are marked uncertain (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). Use those uncertain locations cautiously when interpreting images (HPA subcellular ICC-IF). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The known-positive population has no chromogenic signal. | The expected cells may be absent from the section, or an IHC workflow step may have failed (standard IHC interpretation); the population is reported High (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm cell identity on the section, check the positive control, and review the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions and detection steps (standard IHC practice). |
| Only pancreatic exocrine or smooth-muscle cells look faint. | Low staining is reported for those cells (HPA tissue IHC); faint signal there alone does not demonstrate assay failure. | Compare with a named High population in an appropriate control section before changing assay conditions (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Colour appears outside cells or in a compartment inconsistent with the expected pattern. | The pattern may reflect precipitate or nonspecific detection (standard IHC interpretation); expected VCP staining is nuclear and cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). | Inspect tissue morphology and a negative detection control, then score only signal that can be assigned to identifiable cells (standard IHC practice). |
| Many unrelated cell populations stain strongly, with little visible compartment structure. | Broad VCP expression may contribute, but diffuse background or endogenous detection activity can also obscure localisation (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation). | Compare nuclear and cytoplasmic detail with the negative detection control; review blocking, washing and detection conditions if the pattern remains diffuse (standard IHC practice). |
| A proposed positive result depends on signal in an unexpected cell type. | Broad expression makes cell-type exclusion unreliable, while cross-reactivity remains possible (HPA tissue IHC: expression in all tissues; standard IHC interpretation). | Record the cell type and compartment, compare with HPA's reported pattern, and use matched controls before assigning the signal to VCP (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Nuclear staining is present but cytoplasmic staining is difficult to distinguish. | The tissue IHC profile includes both compartments, though their visibility can differ in a section (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC interpretation). | Inspect well-preserved cells and the counterstain, then compare the catalog antibody's IHC-P positive control before scoring compartment-specific staining (standard IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing VCP staining
PA2137 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse intestine tissue. Heat mediated
PA2137 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of Human Mammary Cancer tissue. Heat med
PA2137 · IFICC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in immunocytochemical section of K562 cell. Enzyme antigen retrieval
PB9454 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human glioma tissue. Heat mediated an
PB9454 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human glioma tissue. Heat mediated an
PB9454 · IFIF analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval
A00610-2 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (A00610-2). VCP was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse colon tissue. Heat mediated
A00610-2 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (A00610-2). VCP was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat colon tissue. Heat mediated a
M00610-1 · IHCM00610-1 staining VCP in human breast carcinoma sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections)
M00610-1 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0. 1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cel
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_3432024
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/colon#imid_3431950
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/liver#imid_3431967
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/kidney#imid_3431960
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012728; green = VCP, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012728; green = VCP, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for VCP IHC & IF
🧪Start with appendix: glandular cells should stain for VCP (HPA: High in appendix glandular cells). HPA detects VCP in all 45 scored tissues, so there is no supported negative tissue or reliably negative cell population within the positive slide; use no-primary and isotype controls to establish background (HPA: no negative rows; VCP detected in all 45 scored tissues).
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: VCP is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show VCP in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), KOLF2.1J, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Run a secondary-only slide and a concentration-matched rabbit IgG isotype control alongside the catalog antibody (PA2137 caption: rabbit primary); VCP knockout material, if available, provides a biological specificity control. For the biotin-based DAB method, block endogenous peroxidase and check for endogenous biotin background (PA2137 caption: biotinylated secondary, streptavidin–biotin complex and DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (PA2137 caption: fixative not stated). The reported IHC method uses citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes, followed by 1 µg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C; this is a starting condition, not evidence that retrieval is required (PA2137 caption). Frozen-section performance and whether IF is easier are unreported in the supplied application evidence; for the chosen appendix slide, assess endogenous peroxidase and biotin background before interpreting glandular staining (PA2137 caption: biotin-based DAB detection).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for VCP
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: VCP is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced VCP IHC Tips
Troubleshoot VCP staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular localisation, detection controls and scoring against the documented tissue pattern.
Which retrieval conditions should I try first for VCP in paraffin sections?
Start with heat mediated retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes (datasheet PA2137). The documented mouse intestine section was paraffin embedded, but its fixative was not reported, so record your specimen’s fixation before comparing staining intensity (datasheet PA2137). If staining is weak, adjust heating or cooling cautiously while holding the buffer and detection conditions constant, then compare sections from the same block (standard IHC practice). Include a no primary control and inspect both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining; recovery of signal alone cannot establish specificity because VCP has a broad tissue distribution (standard IHC practice; HPA: nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven VCP staining?
Target specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown: the PA2137 tissue caption does not state a fixative, and the supplied localisation and modification records do not establish one (datasheet PA2137; UniProt P55072). Record the fixative, processing history and section thickness for each block before attributing differences to VCP abundance (standard IHC practice). Compare adjacent sections using the same citrate pH 6 retrieval for 20 minutes, antibody concentration and development conditions to isolate a processing effect (datasheet PA2137; standard IHC practice). Examine morphology and edge staining alongside signal, since uneven processing can complicate interpretation of a chromogenic section (standard IHC practice).
Should VCP stain nuclei, cytoplasm or membrane outlines?
Expect nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in tissue sections (HPA: nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues), consistent with supported nucleoplasmic and cytosolic localisation (HPA: subcellular localisation). VCP is also associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and stress granules, but has no transmembrane segment; a crisp plasma membrane outline therefore needs independent verification (UniProt P55072: subcellular localisation and topology). Review staining at cellular resolution with a nuclear counterstain, distinguishing diffuse cytoplasm from deposits, folds and precipitate (standard IHC practice). If a compartment pattern changes between conditions, compare matched sections and controls before assigning a biological redistribution (standard IHC practice).
How should I assess an unexpected VCP epitope pattern?
The supplied record lists 0 isoforms and no transmembrane segment, so an apparent compartment restricted stain cannot be assigned to a documented isoform from these data (UniProt P55072: isoforms and topology). VCP has annotated modified residues, including phosphorylation near its N terminus, but the PA2137 caption does not identify the antibody epitope (UniProt P55072: modified residues; datasheet PA2137). Keep citrate pH 6 retrieval and the 1 µg/ml primary condition fixed while checking whether the pattern reproduces across sections (datasheet PA2137; standard IHC practice). If epitope identity matters, obtain the antibody’s epitope information and validate the observed staining with an independent specificity control (standard IHC practice).
How can I follow up a VCP IHC pattern by multiplex IF?
For an IF follow up, pair VCP with a marker of the cell type implicated by the chromogenic section, and use a nuclear stain to separate nucleoplasmic from cytosolic signal (standard IF practice; HPA: supported nucleoplasm and cytosol). Choose fluorophores after checking the specimen’s autofluorescence and leave a channel for an unstained or single stain control (standard IF practice). Because VCP lacks a transmembrane segment and has cytosolic and nuclear localisation, optimise permeabilisation for intracellular epitope access, using the antibody’s stated epitope if available (UniProt P55072: topology; HPA: subcellular localisation; standard IF practice). The PA2137 paraffin section caption documents chromogenic detection, not IF fixation or permeabilisation conditions (datasheet PA2137).
What should I check when VCP DAB staining looks diffuse or muddy?
First compare a no primary section with the stained section to identify signal from the detection system or chromogen (standard IHC practice). The documented PA2137 workflow used 10% goat serum blocking, 1 µg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, a biotinylated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C, and DAB development (datasheet PA2137). Check endogenous peroxidase and biotin background as appropriate to the detection system, then adjust blocking, washing or DAB development one variable at a time (standard IHC practice). Preserve plausible nuclear and cytoplasmic signal while comparing controls, since VCP expression is reported across tissues (HPA: tissue profile; standard IHC practice).
How should I score VCP staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately, because both are reported in tissue IHC (HPA: nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues; standard IHC practice). An H-score can combine intensity with the percentage of positive cells; alternatively report percentage positive or positive cell density per mm² of viable tissue (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the relevant cell population or viable tissue area, and keep retrieval, primary concentration and DAB development consistent between sections (standard IHC practice; datasheet PA2137: citrate pH 6 retrieval and 1 µg/ml primary). Record exclusion rules for folds, edges and necrosis before scoring (standard IHC practice).
When is an apparent VCP positive cell or region likely artefactual?
A credible result shows cellular nuclear or cytoplasmic staining in intact tissue, consistent with the reported broad VCP pattern (HPA: tissue profile; standard IHC practice). Treat isolated membrane outlines cautiously because VCP has no transmembrane segment, and verify unexpected cell assignments against morphology and a cell type marker (UniProt P55072: topology; standard IHC practice). Edge restricted colour, staining over necrosis, and signal in the no primary control suggest section or detection artefact; assess endogenous peroxidase when using DAB (standard IHC practice). HPA rates its tissue staining evidence as Supported with medium agreement to RNA, so use matched controls and an independent validation method for consequential claims (HPA: reliability; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best VCP / Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase IHC Antibodies
Anti-VCP antibodies have IHC images from human, mouse and rat paraffin sections (catalog IHC captions); PA2137, PB9454 and M00610-1 also have IF images from human cells (catalog IF captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # PA2137
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # PB9454
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # A00610-2
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody
Cat # M00610-1
PA2137 was shown on mouse intestine, human mammary cancer and rat tissues; PB9454 on human glioma and meningioma and mouse brain (catalog IHC captions). A00610-2 was shown on mouse and rat colon and human brain; M00610-1 on human breast carcinoma, with a separate IF image from HeLa cells (catalog IHC and IF captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose PA2137 with citrate retrieval or PB9454 with EDTA retrieval; both captions show chromogenic staining, but neither reports the fixative (PA2137 and PB9454 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, choose PA2137 or PB9454 for rabbit antibodies with A431 IF images, or mouse monoclonal M00610-1 for a HeLa IF image (catalog applications, hosts, clone and IF captions). For human, mouse and rat IHC, PA2137 has pictured sections from all three species; its catalog also lists monkey reactivity without a pictured monkey section (PA2137 IHC captions; catalog reactivity).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P55072 (TERA_HUMAN, Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase).
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition localized to the mitotic spindle, primary cilium tip, primary cilium transition zone and basal body..
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- KRT80 Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Progression and Serves as a Substrate for VCP. Journal of Cancer 2024 — PMC10937267.
- Immunoreactivity of valosin-containing protein in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a case of its novel mutant. Acta neuropathologica communications 2014 — PMC4297454.
- Point-of-care test for cervical cancer in LMICs. Oncotarget 2016 — PMC4951329.
- Upregulation of valosin-containing protein (VCP) is associated with poor prognosis and promotes tumor progression of orbital B-cell lymphoma. OncoTargets and therapy 2019 — PMC6312057.
- PubMed PMID:10931946 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15164053 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for VCP (Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase). Expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PA2137). Validated IHC antibody: PA2137 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded mouse intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PA2137); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA2137); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet PA2137); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet PA2137); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-VCP, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA2137); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PA2137). Watch for: Fixation: Keep formalin fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Pancreatic exocrine and smooth muscle cells stain at low levels (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms annotated; chain spans aa 2–806 (UniProt); Regulation: Intensity regulation is not established (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P55072, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition…, Datasheet PA2137, PMC4297454, PMC4951329. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/VCP/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.