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VCP / Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for VCP
Plan VCP chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections around the nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Purkinje cells provide a high-staining reference (HPA tissue IHC); the IHC-validated antibody PA2137 has a 0.5–1 μg/ml IHC-P range (datasheet: PA2137).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
VCP Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PA2137) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep formaldehyde fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Pancreatic exocrine and smooth muscle cells stain weakly (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; mature chain 2–806 has no membrane span (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended VCP IHC & IF Protocols
Compare the catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol with published VCP staining methods for spinal cord, cervical biopsies, and orbital B-cell lymphoma tissue (PMC4297454; PMC4951329; PMC6312057).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded mouse intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PA2137) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA2137); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet PA2137) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PA2137) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-VCP, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA2137) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PA2137) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet PA2137) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | VCP-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in all tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (PA2137 datasheet); the cervical biopsy study used a different retrieval solution (PMC4951329).
Section 2
What Is the Expected VCP Staining Pattern?
VCP is expected in nuclei and cytoplasm across tissues (HPA tissue IHC: Supported; medium consistency with RNA data). Cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum localization also appears in UniProt P55072. High IHC staining is reported in adipocytes, appendix glandular cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells, among others (HPA tissue IHC). VCP has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P55072 topology).
| Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in recognizable cells, including strong staining in adipocytes or appendix glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC). | This fits HPA’s tissue-wide pattern; those cell types are reported as High. Assess staining in its tissue context rather than requiring equal intensity in every cell (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Staining is confined to a compartment outside the expected nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | Treat an exclusively membrane-rim pattern with caution: VCP has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P55072 topology). Check morphology, detection background and a validated positive tissue before interpreting it as VCP (general IHC practice). |
| A cell population stains strongly while nearby expected cells show little or no signal (HPA tissue IHC). | Review the cell identities and compare with HPA’s cell-level observations. Unexpected staining may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice); HPA reports VCP expression across tissues, so an unlisted cell type is not automatically negative (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Signal coats tissue spaces or unrelated structures and obscures cell boundaries (general IHC practice). | Diffuse background cannot establish VCP localization. Compare a no-primary control and examine blocking, washing and detection conditions before scoring cellular staining (general IHC practice). |
| A reported High cell type has no convincing nuclear or cytoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC). | A failed positive control makes a negative sample difficult to interpret. Check section integrity and the antibody’s IHC-P workflow, then repeat with an HPA-reported High cell type (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected VCP appearanceA convincing chromogenic positive shows nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, with High signal in an HPA-reported cell type; broad acellular deposits or an isolated membrane rim warrant background checks (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P55072 topology; general IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell selection | HPA reports High staining in adipocytes, appendix glandular cells, hematopoietic cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells (HPA tissue IHC). Select a recognizable reported High population as a positive reference (general IHC practice). |
| Interpreting weaker cells | Exocrine glandular cells in pancreas and smooth muscle cells are reported Low, not negative (HPA tissue IHC). Their weak signal alone is a poor reason to reject a run with a convincing High-cell control (general IHC practice). |
| Compartment and topology | Nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining is reported by HPA; UniProt places VCP in cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P55072). No transmembrane segment is annotated, so a membrane-only interpretation needs scrutiny (UniProt P55072 topology). |
| Strength of tissue evidence | HPA rates tissue IHC Supported, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). Use that qualification when judging subtle staining differences; it does not establish a fixation effect (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Antibody validation | HPA012728, HPA012814 and CAB005593 each have Supported IHC validation (HPA antibodies). Validation supports comparison with HPA patterns but does not guarantee that every section or detection run will reproduce them (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Where should VCP appear? | Mainly in nucleoplasm and cytosol (HPA ICC-IF: supported). Mitotic spindle and cilium-associated locations are listed as uncertain (HPA ICC-IF). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in an HPA-reported High cell type (HPA tissue IHC). | The run may have failed, or the chosen cells may have been misidentified (general IHC practice). | Confirm morphology and control identity; review the IHC-validated antibody’s IHC-P instructions, retrieval and detection steps, then repeat the positive control (general IHC practice). |
| Only pancreas exocrine cells or smooth muscle cells appear weak (HPA tissue IHC). | Both cell populations are reported Low, so weak staining can match the reference (HPA tissue IHC). | Judge run performance using a reported High cell population in an appropriate control section before calling the assay insensitive (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Strong signal follows a membrane rim with little nuclear or cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). | That distribution conflicts with the reported tissue pattern and VCP’s lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P55072 topology). | Inspect the no-primary control and compare staining with an HPA-reported High cell type; avoid assigning the rim to VCP until the pattern is resolved (general IHC practice). |
| Unexpected cells stain strongly while expected cells do not (HPA tissue IHC). | Possible cross-reactivity, endogenous detection activity or cell misidentification requires checking (general IHC practice). HPA provides no negative tissue in this payload (HPA tissue IHC). | Verify cell morphology and use appropriate detection controls; compare with HPA’s cell-level pattern instead of treating an unlisted tissue as negative (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse deposits obscure nuclear and cytoplasmic boundaries (general IHC practice). | Background from blocking, washing or detection can conceal the expected cellular pattern (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). | Review a no-primary control, reagent handling and wash steps; score VCP only where staining follows identifiable cells (general IHC practice). |
| A section is unexpectedly negative after a change in tissue processing or retrieval (general IHC practice). | Target-specific fixation effects are not established by the supplied assay evidence. Verify with a matched IHC source before attributing a result to fixation. | Check the catalog antibody’s IHC-P instructions and run a reported High cell type alongside the sample; interpret the result from observed controls, without assuming a VCP-specific fixation effect (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing VCP staining
PA2137 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of mouse intestine tissue. Heat mediated
PA2137 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of Human Mammary Cancer tissue. Heat med
PA2137 · IFICC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PA2137). VCP was detected in immunocytochemical section of K562 cell. Enzyme antigen retrieval
PB9454 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human glioma tissue. Heat mediated an
PB9454 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human glioma tissue. Heat mediated an
PB9454 · IFIF analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (PB9454). VCP was detected in immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval
A00610-2 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (A00610-2). VCP was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse colon tissue. Heat mediated
A00610-2 · IHCIHC analysis of VCP using anti-VCP antibody (A00610-2). VCP was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat colon tissue. Heat mediated a
M00610-1 · IHCM00610-1 staining VCP in human breast carcinoma sections by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P -paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections)
M00610-1 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0. 1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cel
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_3432024
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/colon#imid_3431950
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/liver#imid_3431967
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000165280-VCP/tissue/kidney#imid_3431960
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012728; green = VCP, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA012728; green = VCP, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for VCP IHC & IF
🧪Run adipose tissue first and assess staining in adipocytes (High; HPA: adipose tissue, adipocytes). HPA detects VCP in all 45 scored tissues, so use no-primary and isotype controls for negative staining; no cell type within the positive slide is established as VCP-negative, and cells without specific signal should show only counterstain and background (HPA: no negative tissue rows; standard IHC control practice).
Positive control tissue: Adipose tissue (Adipocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: None in HPA: VCP is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead.
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show VCP in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), KOLF2.1J, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only slide, a concentration-matched isotype control of the primary antibody’s host species and clonality, and VCP-knockout material or a validated immunizing-peptide block as a biological specificity control (standard IHC control practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase for chromogenic detection and check adipose sections for staining confined to the thin cytoplasmic rim around lipid-extraction spaces (standard IHC practice; HPA: High in adipocytes).
⚠️Feasibility: A VCP-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected PA2137 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption). That caption uses citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes, but does not establish that retrieval is required; lipid extraction in processed adipose tissue can leave little cytoplasm to assess (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard histology practice). HPA provides ICC-IF images with supported nucleoplasm and cytosol localization, but the supplied evidence does not establish whether IF or frozen sections are easier than paraffin IHC (HPA: subcellular localization and ICC-IF images; PA2137 tissue-IHC caption).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for VCP
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: VCP is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Section 3
Advanced VCP IHC Tips
Troubleshoot VCP staining by checking retrieval, compartment pattern, detection background and scoring against the supplied antibody protocol and tissue evidence.
How should I adjust retrieval when VCP staining is weak in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 (datasheet PA2137). The selected paraffin-section example used 20 minutes of retrieval, followed by 1 µg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption). If staining is weak, first check heating consistency, section attachment and primary-antibody incubation against that documented workflow (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice). Then compare a longer retrieval time or an alternative buffer on adjacent sections, while watching for tissue damage and increased background (standard IHC practice). Keep detection and imaging conditions matched so the retrieval comparison is interpretable (standard IHC practice).
Can fixation explain weak or uneven VCP staining?
VCP-specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption). Do not infer a fixation effect from its staining result or from VCP topology and modifications (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; UniProt P55072). Record the actual fixative, fixation duration and tissue processing for each specimen before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). When troubleshooting, compare similarly processed sections with the documented citrate pH 6, 20-minute retrieval and matched detection conditions (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice). If batches differ, interpret intensity changes cautiously until processing and staining variables have been separated (standard IHC practice).
Which VCP staining compartments should I expect in tissue sections?
Expect cytoplasmic and nuclear staining across tissues, with the HPA tissue profile describing both compartments (HPA tissue IHC). Supported subcellular locations are cytosol and nucleoplasm, while UniProt also places VCP at the endoplasmic reticulum (HPA subcellular; UniProt P55072). VCP has no transmembrane segment and can be recruited to the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, so an exclusively sharp plasma-membrane outline needs scrutiny (UniProt P55072). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic signals separately where the compartments are resolvable, using a consistent counterstain and exposure or scan setting (standard IHC practice). Compare the pattern with an expected positive section processed in the same run (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
Could an isoform or modified epitope explain inconsistent VCP staining?
The supplied UniProt record annotates 0 isoforms, but it does not identify the PA2137 antibody epitope (UniProt P55072; PA2137 tissue-IHC caption). VCP has no annotated transmembrane segment or glycosylation sites, and the record lists modified residues including N-terminal phosphorylation sites (UniProt P55072). Without an epitope map, those modifications cannot be assigned as the cause of lost staining (UniProt P55072; standard antibody-validation practice). Check the antibody's stated immunogen or epitope, if available, before making an epitope-specific interpretation (standard antibody-validation practice). Compare matched sections under the documented citrate pH 6 retrieval and a consistent antibody concentration to isolate technical variation (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate VCP localisation with multiplex IF after IHC?
Use IF as a separate assay, selecting a validated marker for the expected cell type; Purkinje cells are one high-staining example in cerebellum (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and inspect unstained tissue autofluorescence before assigning a channel to VCP, especially when signal is dim (standard IF practice). Permeabilisation should allow access to cytosolic and nuclear epitopes; VCP has no transmembrane segment and can occupy the cytoplasmic ER surface (UniProt P55072; standard IF practice). Include single-label controls to assess bleed-through and secondary-antibody background (standard IF practice). The PA2137 paraffin IHC caption supplies no IF fixation or antibody dilution conditions, so optimise those directly for IF (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IF practice).
What causes widespread brown staining in VCP chromogenic IHC?
First separate plausible broad VCP expression from technical background: HPA reports nuclear and cytoplasmic expression across tissues (HPA tissue IHC). The selected workflow uses a biotinylated secondary, streptavidin-biotin detection and DAB, so check secondary-only sections for detection-system staining (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice). Apply an appropriate endogenous-peroxidase block and assess endogenous-biotin interference when using that detection system (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum blocking and 1 µg/mL primary antibody overnight at 4°C (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption). Compare reduced primary concentration or incubation on adjacent sections while holding retrieval and DAB development constant (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify VCP staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and viable tissue area before scoring, and keep section selection and detection settings consistent (standard IHC practice). For cell-based analysis, report the percentage of positive cells and an H-score from 0–300, scoring nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately when distinguishable (standard IHC practice). For spatial analysis, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable tissue or a defined region of interest (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to the corresponding viable cell population or measured tissue area, and exclude folds, edges and necrosis by a prespecified rule (standard IHC practice). Compare staining batches using the same reference section because VCP expression is widespread (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish genuine VCP staining from artefact?
A credible pattern includes cytoplasmic and nuclear signal, consistent with the tissue profile and supported cytosol and nucleoplasm locations (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Evaluate signal within identified cell types: HPA reports high staining in cerebellar Purkinje cells but low staining in pancreatic exocrine glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC). An exclusively sharp plasma-membrane rim is suspicious because VCP has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P55072). Discount staining concentrated at section edges, folds or necrotic areas, and use a secondary-only control to investigate diffuse DAB signal or endogenous detection activity (standard IHC practice). Interpret differences only after checking that the citrate pH 6 retrieval and detection workflow were comparable (PA2137 tissue-IHC caption; standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best VCP / Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase IHC Antibodies
Anti-VCP antibodies have paraffin-section IHC figures from human and mouse tissues (catalog IHC captions), plus IF figures from A431 and HeLa cells (catalog IF captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # PA2137
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # PB9454
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody ®
Cat # A00610-2
Real IHC data
Anti-VCP Antibody
Cat # M00610-1
PA2137 shows mouse intestine IHC, and PB9454 shows human glioma IHC (PA2137 and PB9454 IHC captions). A00610-2 shows mouse colon IHC, while M00610-1 shows human breast carcinoma IHC (A00610-2 and M00610-1 IHC captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose PB9454 for human glioma sections with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, or PA2137 for mouse intestine sections with citrate retrieval at pH 6; neither caption reports the fixative (PB9454 and PA2137 IHC captions). For IF/ICC, M00610-1 is a mouse monoclonal antibody with an IF figure in HeLa cells; its IHC figure uses paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma sections (M00610-1 catalog and figure captions). For cross-species planning, PA2137 lists human, monkey, mouse and rat reactivity, with IHC figures in human, mouse and rat tissues; its paraffin-section captions do not report a fixative (PA2137 catalog and IHC captions). The selected PA2137 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image PA2137).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P55072 (TERA_HUMAN, Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase).
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition localized to the mitotic spindle, primary cilium tip, primary cilium transition zone and basal body..
- Human Protein Atlas. VCP antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- KRT80 Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Progression and Serves as a Substrate for VCP. Journal of Cancer 2024 — PMC10937267.
- Immunoreactivity of valosin-containing protein in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in a case of its novel mutant. Acta neuropathologica communications 2014 — PMC4297454.
- Point-of-care test for cervical cancer in LMICs. Oncotarget 2016 — PMC4951329.
- Upregulation of valosin-containing protein (VCP) is associated with poor prognosis and promotes tumor progression of orbital B-cell lymphoma. OncoTargets and therapy 2019 — PMC6312057.
- PubMed PMID:10931946 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15164053 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for VCP (Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase). Expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PA2137). Validated IHC antibody: PA2137 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Adipose tissue (Adipocytes); negative None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded mouse intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PA2137); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PA2137); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet PA2137); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet PA2137); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-VCP, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PA2137); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PA2137). Watch for: Fixation: Keep formaldehyde fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Pancreatic exocrine and smooth muscle cells stain weakly (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms; mature chain 2–806 has no membrane span (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P55072, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol. In addition…, Datasheet PA2137, PMC4297454, PMC4951329. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/VCP/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.