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- Table of Contents
Facts about Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog.
Proto-oncogene that may play a role in cell migration, cell differentiation and cell growth. Promotes cell adhesion (PubMed:23274113).
Human | |
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Gene Name: | AGR2 |
Uniprot: | O95994 |
Entrez: | 10551 |
Belongs to: |
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AGR family |
AG2; AG-2; AG2member 17; AGR2; anterior gradient 2 homolog (Xenopus laevis); anterior gradient homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis); GOB-4; hAG-2; HPC8; PDIA17; secreted cement gland homolog
Mass (kDA):
19.979 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 7p21.1 |
Sequence: | 7; NC_000007.14 (16791811..16804999, complement) |
Expressed strongly in trachea, lung, stomach, colon, prostate and small intestine. Expressed weakly in pituitary gland, salivary gland, mammary gland, bladder, appendix, ovary, fetal lung, uterus, pancreas, kidney, fetal kidney, testis, placenta, thyroid gland and in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell lines.
Secreted. Endoplasmic reticulum.
Optimizing flow procedures is not easy. There are many things you should consider. One of these is AGR2 antigen. This cell surface antigen is a direct target of the ER. AGR2 may not only be a poor indicator of future prognosis but can also be used as a tool to identify CTCs. These tips will help you optimize your experiments. To optimize flow procedures, you can consult a guide for optimizing.
Human AGR2 is a highly-regulated gene that has been implicated with several types of cancers. Boster bio AGR2 was created from monoclonal mouse ad-AGR2 monoclonals taken from hybridoma cellular mice. The antigen was then incubated with humanized anti-AGR2 antibodies and the bound antibodies were detected using a dye-conjugated anti-mouse IgG2a antibody.
A-AGR2 activity was detected using human serum derived from healthy donors. Chimeric IgG1 antibodies produced by plasmid p7-2 and p13-1 were similar to P3A5 in AGR2 binding. In contrast, p6-2 with defective L construct was used as negative controls. The culture wells continued to produce immuneglobulins despite the absence of G418 selection. Spin filtration was also effective in concentrating immunoglobulins.
Human AGR2 is a target for the detection of prostate cancer cells by chimeric IgG1 antibodies. The antibody was tested using the SKOV-3 cells line and three different lysates. Boster Bio AGR2 is a cell surface antigen with comparable binding to human IgG. Every cell in the body contains the human AGR2 genes.
High sensitivity is achieved by the company's proprietary ELISA test kit. Sensitivity has been increased to the picogram level. All Boster Bio AGR2 antibodies are validated against known quantities of recombinant proteins. These antibodies are also tested against panels made up of 250 tissues and untransfected cells. They also have high affinity. Boster Bio AGR2 antibody can be found through tebu bio.
There are many benefits to inhibiting AGR2 in breast cancer cells. This includes suppressing tumorigenesis. This secreted protein may promote the production of mucins, which are transmembrane proteins that form a protective mucous barrier for epithelial cells. Mucins are also involved in cell signaling and promote proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and other functions. The ER-responsive genes MUC1 and MUC2 produce mucins. The tumor may benefit from ER-dependent protein degradation and folding. This allows it to resist proteotoxic stresses.
The protein's association to the ER is a key mechanism that regulates breast cancer progression. Anti-estrogen therapy may reduce tumor AGR2 levels of ER-positive cancers. It does this by blocking estradiol binding receptors. Tamoxifen blocks estradiol's binding to ER, for instance. Tamoxifen can also increase the ER binding to the AGR2 Promoter. Consequently, the treatment can boost AGR2 protein and mRNA levels.
Multiple roles are played by ER in breast-cancer. It is thought to be central in the endocrine system's role in cell growth. It regulates estrogen, melatonin and other hormones to control breast cancer growth. Transcriptional hubs are also created when estrogen-induced ERmediated Looping of DNA is done. These transcriptional hubs could regulate transcription of both genes and MCF-7 cells.
Estradiol-induced ER binding of AGR2 to AGR3 promoters enhances AGR2 gene expression. Estradiol induced ER binding also increases AGR3 expression. Both of these factors have been associated with poor prognosis. These findings suggest that estrogen induced ER-targeting medications can suppress tumorigenesis. These drugs may also prove to be effective in combination chemotherapy with antiestrogens.
While AGR2 overexpression was associated with poor survival in patients with lung cancer, there was no consistent evidence of its prognostic value in other tumour types. Cohort studies conducted by Alavi et al., and Fritzsche et al., found that AGR2 overexpression contributed to poor OS in lung cancer, but not in NSCLC. Studies in colorectal cancer and prostate cancer also failed to show any prognostic value of AGR2 expression.
AGR2 has a predominant expression in human epithelial and vascular cells. It is a member in the PDI gene families and plays a critical part in endoplasmic reticulum maintenance. It regulates unfolded protease response signalling. AGR2 is involved with many biological processes, including cell division, growth, and drug resistance. However, elevated AGR2 does not predict a poor prognosis in solid tumours.
This study aims to determine the relationship between AGR2 expression levels and solid tumor patients’ prognosis. The study involved 20 studies of total 3285 patients, each with an individual AGR2 level. These studies were highly methodologically sound with a Newcastle Ottawa scale score ranging between six and nine. There are limitations.
These results highlight the need for further research, even though there is no conclusive study. The study also includes several subgroup studies to determine the role of AGR2 as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of cancer type and study location. While only one study from each group was relevant, it didn't rule out the other. The study authors stratified the participants by geography and compared the results to those from other studies.
DHANs' ability to detect CTCs is critical for clinical application. CTCs were first tested in fresh blood samples from non-tumor carrying mice. The culture dish was incubated with CTCs for 20 h, and CTCs were removed by centrifugation. The dishes were washed in PBS (pH 7.4). Next, they were incubated in 200 mg-1 DHANs. Then, live 4T1 cells were imaged with CLSM.
The amount of blood taken will affect the sensitivity of this test. A sample of 7.5mL is equivalent in volume to five liters of adult blood. However, the sample is not representative of the entire body's blood and may be affected by normal blood cells. CTCs may not be detected in all cells. Further studies are required in order to confirm the presence of CTCs in blood samples greater than 5%.
CellSearch CTC Assay is the only FDA-approved, commercially available method to detect CTCs. CellSearch has been used by patients with breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer to assess their prognosis. This trend is confirmed by the latest advances. We are close to establishing a universal standard. It may only take a few more years before we find a way that suits our needs.
Early detection of cancer is crucial in order to increase the chance of beating cancer. This technology is expected that it will be the most accurate and complete screening method for multiple kinds of cancer. The development of such a blood test will ultimately be the key to developing a blood test that can identify CTCs in blood before they spread to the rest of the body. The new technology might one day allow us to find new applications in CTCs.
AGR2 is an immunotherapy target to treat colorectal carcinoma. Multiple signaling pathways regulate cell proliferation in cancer cells. However, AGR2 is preferentially expressed in poor-outcome tumors. Immunotherapy targeting AGR2 can be used to treat colorectal carcinoma. Here are some of these benefits.
Jerome Galon and his colleagues created the Immunoscore tool, which allows for a new method to classify colorectal tumors. This tool provides critical prognostic and clinical information that improves the quality of clinical decision-making, and allows for rational stratification in patients' treatment. According to the Cancer Research Institute the AGR2 target had been tested in colorectal Cancer.
Knockdown of AGR2 induces the phosphorylation of p53. This inhibits the ERK/AKT axis that promotes cancer cell death. By inhibiting the p53-dependent AMPK, therapeutically targeting AGR2 inhibits the p53-mediated self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Ultimately, knockdowns of AGR2 may reduce tumor growth and promote apoptosis.
An aberrant splicing process of AGR2 facilitates accumulation of the cancer-causing AGR2vH isoform. This is thought contributes to the pathogenesis CCA through regulation of p53 levels. However, there is no evidence that AGR2 is directly responsible for CCA. Thus, there is a need for more research and development of immunotherapy strategies targeting this gene.
AGR2 plays a role in protein folding and stability. Activation and translation of genes by the ER can lead a large number of transcripts and proteotoxic stress to the endoplasmic reticulum. AGR2 also participates in the unfolded protein response and is a checkpoint in the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system. AGR2 indirectly associates with endoplasmic Ribosomes. It may also be used to influence cancer metastasis by its CXXS-thioredoxin domain motif.
PMID: 9790916 by Thompson D.A., et al. hAG-2, the human homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement gland gene XAG-2, is coexpressed with estrogen receptor in breast cancer cell lines.
PMID: 12592373 by Fletcher G.C., et al. hAG-2 and hAG-3, human homologues of genes involved in differentiation, are associated with oestrogen receptor-positive breast tumours and interact with metastasis gene C4.4a and dystroglycan.