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ALDH3A1 / Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ALDH3A1
Plan ALDH3A1 paraffin-section IHC around mainly cytoplasmic staining in squamous epithelia and stomach glands (HPA tissue IHC). The IHC-validated antibody A01121-4 has a 2–5 μg/mL recommended range (datasheet A01121-4); esophageal squamous cells provide a high-staining reference (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ALDH3A1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Mainly cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic signal in squamous epithelia and stomach glands (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01121-4) | |
| Positive control | Esophagus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01121-4) | |
| Caveat | Antibody staining and RNA show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | High in esophagus and stomach (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; chain spans residues 2–453 and is cytoplasmic (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended ALDH3A1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet A01121-4) is accompanied by four published ALDH3A1 IHC protocols (PMC12246704; PMC12384013; PMC6966589; PMC4153422).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01121-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01121-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ALDH3A1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ALDH3A1-positive staining in squamous epithelial cells of esophagus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Mainly cytoplasmic expression in several tissues, most abundant in squamous epithelia and stomach. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01121-4). Published retrieval conditions belong to their respective antibodies (PMC12246704; PMC12384013; PMC6966589).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ALDH3A1 Staining Pattern?
ALDH3A1 should appear mainly cytoplasmic in IHC, especially in esophageal and oral squamous epithelial cells, skin basal-layer cells, and stomach glandular cells (HPA: High in each; mainly cytoplasmic tissue profile). UniProt places ALDH3A1 in the cytoplasm and reports no transmembrane segment (UniProt P30838). HPA rates the tissue profile Enhanced, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability description).
| Strong cytoplasmic staining in esophageal or oral squamous epithelium, skin basal cells, or stomach glands. | This matches the reported high-staining cells and principal tissue compartment (HPA: High in these cells; mainly cytoplasmic profile). Compare the stained cells with tissue morphology before scoring the whole section as positive (general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining or a continuous membrane rim in an IHC section. | This does not match the principal tissue IHC pattern and warrants a specificity check (HPA: mainly cytoplasmic tissue profile). ICC-IF separately reports additional nucleoplasm and plasma-membrane localization, so compartment alone cannot establish an artefact (HPA: subcellular locations). |
| Strong signal in adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells, with little signal in expected epithelial cells. | These cell populations are reported as not detected (HPA: adipocytes; bone-marrow hematopoietic cells). Check cell identification and controls; antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity are possible explanations (general IHC practice). |
| Even chromogen haze across epithelium, stroma, and blank areas. | A uniform haze obscures the cell-restricted pattern expected in high-staining tissues (HPA: positive cell types). Inadequate blocking, washing, or chromogen control can produce diffuse background (general IHC practice); haze alone does not establish ALDH3A1 expression. |
| No signal in well-preserved esophageal squamous epithelium or stomach glands. | These are reported high-staining populations, so first assess tissue identity and the staining run (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and stomach glandular cells). A blank section does not by itself establish absent ALDH3A1 (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected ALDH3A1 appearanceCall positive when epithelial or glandular cells show a clear, chiefly cytoplasmic signal, ideally strong in an HPA high-staining reference tissue; widespread cell-independent haze or strong staining of HPA not-detected cells is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC profile and levels; general IHC practice).
| Cell type and tissue | Interpret intensity within the named population: HPA reports High staining in esophageal and oral squamous cells, skin basal cells, and stomach glands, but Medium in epididymal and rectal glands (HPA: tissue IHC). A single intensity threshold across tissues would miss that context (general IHC practice). |
| Primary compartment | UniProt assigns ALDH3A1 to the cytoplasm and lists no transmembrane segment (UniProt P30838). HPA's tissue IHC profile is mainly cytoplasmic; use morphology and the cytoplasmic distribution together when judging chromogenic signal (HPA: tissue IHC profile; general IHC practice). |
| Strength of reference evidence | The tissue IHC profile is Enhanced, yet its antibody-staining versus RNA consistency is Medium (HPA: reliability and description). HPA also lists 3 antibodies with Enhanced IHC validation (HPA: HPA051150, HPA063783, CAB045957). These labels support a reference pattern, not certainty for every specimen. |
| Retrieval and detection | No ALDH3A1-specific retrieval or fixation effect is supplied (UniProt P30838; HPA: supplied tissue IHC record). If a validated positive is blank, inspect the run's retrieval and detection steps as general IHC troubleshooting; do not infer target-specific fixation sensitivity from that result (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q&A: Should fluorescence copy the IHC pattern? | HPA reports cytosol and plasma membrane as main ICC-IF locations, with nucleoplasm and vesicles as additional locations (HPA: subcellular record). That IF observation adds compartment context; the paraffin IHC decision here remains anchored to HPA's mainly cytoplasmic tissue profile. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Known high-staining epithelium is blank. | A failed staining run, incorrect tissue selection, or low assay sensitivity is possible (general IHC practice); HPA reports High staining in esophageal squamous cells (HPA: esophagus). | Confirm the cell population and check a run-level positive control, retrieval, primary-antibody step, and detection controls before calling the specimen negative (general IHC practice). |
| Only a weak signal appears in epididymal or rectal glands. | Medium staining is the reported reference level for these cells (HPA: epididymis and rectum). | Compare with a High reference tissue and assess localization within glandular cells before treating the weaker result as assay failure (HPA: tissue IHC levels; general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells stain strongly. | Those populations are reported as not detected (HPA: adipose tissue and bone marrow); nonspecific primary binding or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice). | Review morphology and include appropriate no-primary and detection controls to locate the unwanted signal (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclei dominate the chromogenic signal. | The result conflicts with the mainly cytoplasmic tissue IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC), although nucleoplasm is an additional ICC-IF location (HPA: subcellular record). | Check counterstain, chromogen distribution, and antibody controls; interpret any residual nuclear signal with the assay and tissue context (general IHC practice). |
| A uniform brown veil hides cell borders. | Background from blocking, washing, or chromogen development can obscure the cell-restricted pattern (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Compare no-primary and detection controls, then adjust the implicated general IHC step and reassess whether the expected epithelial cells remain distinct (general IHC practice). |
| A sharp membrane rim dominates an IHC-positive area. | HPA's tissue IHC profile is mainly cytoplasmic, while its ICC-IF record includes plasma membrane localization (HPA: tissue IHC and subcellular records). | Check whether cytoplasmic staining is also present and review controls before scoring the rim as specific in the paraffin section (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ALDH3A1 staining
A01121-4 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-4). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer ti
A01121-4 · IFIF analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-4). ALDH3A1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme a
A01121-5 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-5). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer t
PA2074 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (PA2074). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer tis
A01121-3 · IFIF analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-3). ALDH3A1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme a
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14538022
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/esophagus#imid_13638398
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/colon#imid_13638360
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/liver#imid_13638369
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA051150; green = ALDH3A1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA051150; green = ALDH3A1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ALDH3A1 IHC & IF
🧪Run esophagus first: squamous epithelial cells should stain (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the esophagus slide, compare epithelial staining with adjacent nonepithelial areas as an internal background check, without assuming those cells are target-negative.
Positive control tissue: Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show ALDH3A1 in A-549, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (approved), Cytosol (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) control, a nonimmune IgG control matched to the primary antibody’s host species and clonality, and ALDH3A1-knockout material if available. For chromogenic IHC, quench endogenous peroxidase and check the esophagus section for background DAB staining (selected-SKU IHC caption: peroxidase detection with DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A01121-4 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected-SKU IHC caption: fixative not stated). The caption uses heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, but does not establish that retrieval is required; the supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier (selected-SKU IHC caption: EDTA retrieval). In esophageal squamous epithelium, distinguish cytoplasmic staining from section-edge background when scoring (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells; UniProt P30838: Cytoplasm).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ALDH3A1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Oral mucosa | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Skin | Cells in basal layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Stomach | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ALDH3A1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot ALDH3A1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, controls and cell-specific scoring before interpreting signal.
What should I change when ALDH3A1 staining is weak after antigen retrieval?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A01121-4). The selected paraffin-section example used this retrieval before overnight incubation at 4°C with 2 μg/ml catalog antibody (datasheet A01121-4). If signal remains weak, compare retrieval duration across matched sections while keeping antibody concentration, detection and development constant (standard IHC practice). Check a section expected to stain strongly, such as esophageal squamous epithelium or stomach glandular cells (HPA: High in both). If those controls stain but the study section does not, assess cell composition before increasing retrieval intensity (standard IHC practice; HPA: tissue-specific staining).
Could fixation explain variable ALDH3A1 staining between paraffin blocks?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected ALDH3A1 paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet A01121-4). Record the fixative and processing history for each block, then compare sections processed together with identical retrieval and detection (standard IHC practice). The published example specifies EDTA at pH 8.0, 10% goat serum blocking and overnight primary incubation at 4°C, but supplies no fixation conditions (datasheet A01121-4). Use a positive tissue control on each run to distinguish a block-specific loss from a run-wide failure (standard IHC practice; HPA: High staining in esophageal squamous epithelium). Do not assign a fixation effect without a controlled comparison.
Should membrane or nuclear staining count as ALDH3A1 positive in tissue?
For chromogenic tissue scoring, expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining because tissue IHC shows mainly cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue profile; UniProt P30838: Cytoplasm). HPA cell imaging also reports plasma membrane and cytosol as main locations, with nucleoplasm and vesicles as additional locations (HPA: subcellular). A membrane-associated pattern is therefore plausible, but score it separately from diffuse cytoplasm and confirm it in expected cells (HPA: subcellular; standard IHC practice). ALDH3A1 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so membrane staining alone does not establish an integral membrane pool (UniProt P30838: topology). Isolated nuclear DAB without matching cytoplasmic signal deserves control review before interpretation (HPA: tissue profile; standard IHC practice).
How do I troubleshoot inconsistent staining if the antibody epitope is unclear?
The supplied record lists 0 isoforms and no annotated domains, so an isoform-specific interpretation is unsupported here (UniProt P30838: isoforms and domains). It records acetylation at residues 2, 178 and 194, but the antibody epitope is not provided (UniProt P30838: modified residues; datasheet A01121-4: epitope unreported). Do not attribute staining differences to those modifications without epitope mapping or direct validation (standard IHC practice). Compare matched sections using the same retrieval, primary incubation and DAB development, alongside a positive tissue control (standard IHC practice; HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelium). If patterns disagree, investigate antibody specificity before assigning a biological isoform change (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help verify a questionable chromogenic ALDH3A1 pattern?
Use IF as an orthogonal check on comparable specimens, while interpreting this page’s paraffin-section result through its IHC controls (standard IHC practice). Multiplex ALDH3A1 with a validated marker for the expected cell type, such as the squamous epithelial cells that stain strongly in esophagus, and inspect both channels separately (HPA: Esophagus, High; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence in an unstained control, and include single-label controls for bleed-through (standard IF practice). For a cytosolic epitope, permeabilise cells or sections and compare access with an appropriate control; a membrane-facing epitope may need different access conditions, but this antibody’s epitope orientation is unreported (HPA: subcellular; datasheet A01121-4: epitope unreported; standard IF practice).
What should I check when DAB background obscures ALDH3A1 staining?
First compare the stained slide with a no-primary control and inspect whether colour follows tissue structures or covers the section indiscriminately (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum blocking, a peroxidase-conjugated secondary and DAB development (datasheet A01121-4). Add an endogenous peroxidase block and optimise blocking, washing and DAB development as general chromogenic IHC steps (standard IHC practice). Assess background against a positive compartment and cell population: ALDH3A1 tissue staining is mainly cytoplasmic, with high signal in esophageal squamous epithelium and stomach glandular cells (HPA: tissue profile). Persistent signal in the no-primary control points to detection or tissue background rather than primary-antibody specificity (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify ALDH3A1 across regions with different cell composition? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and anatomical region before scoring, then keep section thickness, imaging and DAB development comparable across cases (standard IHC practice). For epithelial compartments, report the percentage of positive cells and an H-score that combines that percentage with staining intensity (standard IHC practice). If individual positive cells are sparse, report their density per mm² of evaluable tissue and state the area excluded for folds or necrosis (standard IHC practice). Normalise each result to the number of eligible cells or evaluable tissue area, rather than the whole image, and compare run controls (standard IHC practice). This matters because ALDH3A1 staining varies by cell type and tissue (HPA: tissue profile).
When is an apparent ALDH3A1-positive focus likely to be artefactual?
Treat a convincing focus as cell-associated staining in an expected compartment and evaluate it against a positive tissue control (HPA: mainly cytoplasmic tissue expression; standard IHC practice). Esophageal squamous epithelium and stomach glandular cells are strong reference populations, whereas several surveyed cell populations are undetected (HPA: tissue IHC). Recheck staining confined to section edges, folds or necrotic areas, and compare adjacent intact tissue before assigning biological meaning (standard IHC practice). Diffuse nuclear-only colour conflicts with the predominant tissue pattern and warrants a no-primary control (HPA: tissue profile; standard IHC practice). Residual DAB signal after omitting primary antibody suggests endogenous enzyme or detection background, rather than demonstrated ALDH3A1 (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best ALDH3A1 / Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring IHC Antibodies
Anti-ALDH3A1 antibodies have IHC images from human paraffin-embedded liver and rectal cancer sections (catalog image captions) and IF images from A549 cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-4
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-5
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA2074
Real IF data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-3
A01121-4 has IHC data from a human liver cancer section and IF data from A549 cells (A01121-4 image captions); A01121-5 and PA2074 have IHC data from human rectal cancer sections (their image captions). A01121-3 has IF data from A549 cells and lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity (A01121-3 image caption; catalog reactivity).
Which to pick: For human paraffin-section IHC, choose A01121-4 for its liver cancer image or A01121-5 or PA2074 for their rectal cancer images (respective image captions); each IHC caption reports EDTA pH 8 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary antibody, but does not report the fixative (respective image captions). For IF/ICC, choose A01121-3 or A01121-4: both list IF and ICC and show staining in A549 cells (catalog applications; respective IF image captions). For mouse or rat work, A01121-3 lists those species and is described as polyclonal, though its IF image is from A549 cells (A01121-3 catalog reactivity; dilution data; IF image caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P30838 (AL3A1_HUMAN, Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Association of ALDH3A1 expression with tumor differentiation, pathological stage, and nodal status in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2025 — PMC12246704.
- The Role of the ALDH Family in Predicting Prognosis and Therapy Response in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2025 — PMC12384013.
- ALDH3A1 Overexpression in Melanoma and Lung Tumors Drives Cancer Stem Cell Expansion, Impairing Immune Surveillance through Enhanced PD-L1 Output. Cancers 2019 — PMC6966589.
- Proteomic analysis in pterygium; upregulated protein expression of ALDH3A1, PDIA3, and PRDX2. Molecular vision 2014 — PMC4153422.
- PubMed PMID:1737758 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:8493892 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ALDH3A1 (Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring). Expected localisation Mainly cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01121-4). Validated IHC antibody: A01121-4 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01121-4); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01121-4); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01121-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01121-4); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-ALDH3A1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01121-4); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01121-4). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image A01121-4); Caveat: Antibody staining and RNA show medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms; chain spans residues 2–453 and is cytoplasmic (UniProt); Regulation: High in esophagus and stomach (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P30838, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol. In addition…, Datasheet A01121-4, PMC12246704, PMC12384013. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ALDH3A1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.