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ALDH3A1 / Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for ALDH3A1
Plan chromogenic ALDH3A1 IHC in paraffin sections using esophageal squamous epithelium and stomach glands as high-staining reference tissues (HPA tissue IHC). The IHC-validated antibody A01121-4 has a listed human IHC concentration of 2–5 μg/mL (datasheet A01121-4).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
ALDH3A1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Mainly cytoplasmic in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic in squamous epithelia and stomach glands (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01121-4) | |
| Positive control | Esophagus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining intensity varies by tissue and cell type (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No specific expression regulator reported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms, signal peptide or propeptide (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended ALDH3A1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody has a datasheet IHC-P protocol; the four published ALDH3A1 IHC studies below provide tissue-specific conditions (datasheet A01121-4; PMC12246704; PMC12384013; PMC6966589; PMC4153422).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01121-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01121-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ALDH3A1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A01121-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ALDH3A1-positive staining in squamous epithelial cells of esophagus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Mainly cytoplasmic expression in several tissues, most abundant in squamous epithelia and stomach. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA, pH 8.0, for the catalog antibody (datasheet A01121-4). Use each published retrieval condition with its corresponding antibody protocol (cited PMC methods).
Section 2
What Is the Expected ALDH3A1 Staining Pattern?
ALDH3A1 should appear mainly in the cytoplasm of squamous epithelial cells and stomach glandular cells, with strong examples in esophagus, oral mucosa, skin basal cells, and stomach glands (HPA tissue IHC). This fits a cytoplasmic protein with no transmembrane segment (UniProt P30838). HPA rates tissue staining reliability Enhanced, while reporting medium consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Strong cytoplasmic staining in esophageal or oral squamous epithelium and stomach glands. | This matches the reported high staining in those cells (HPA tissue IHC: High). Judge the relevant epithelial or glandular cells rather than assigning one score to the whole section (standard IHC practice). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining in an IHC section, with little cytoplasmic signal. | The compartment differs from the mainly cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P30838: Cytoplasm). Review staining controls before treating it as ALDH3A1; ICC-IF also reports nucleoplasm as an additional location, so nuclear signal alone is not proof of artefact (HPA ICC-IF). |
| Strong staining in adipocytes or bone-marrow hematopoietic cells. | Those cell types are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Investigate antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, especially if a no-primary control also develops color (standard IHC practice). |
| Brown haze extends across cells and tissue spaces without a clear cellular pattern. | Diffuse color is difficult to reconcile with the reported epithelial and glandular staining pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Check the no-primary control and detection background before assigning a biological score (standard IHC practice). |
| No staining in esophageal squamous epithelium or stomach glandular cells. | Both are reported as high-staining examples (HPA tissue IHC: High). A blank section calls for review of tissue preservation, retrieval, antibody incubation, and detection controls; it does not by itself establish absent ALDH3A1 (standard IHC practice). |
💡Expected ALDH3A1 appearanceCall a section positive when the relevant squamous epithelial or stomach glandular cells show strong, mainly cytoplasmic color (HPA tissue IHC: High; UniProt P30838: Cytoplasm); widespread cell-independent haze is a suspect false positive (standard IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell selection (HPA tissue IHC). | Esophageal and oral squamous cells, skin basal cells, and stomach glandular cells are high-staining examples; adipocytes and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Intracellular location and topology (UniProt P30838). | UniProt places ALDH3A1 in the cytoplasm and reports no transmembrane segment; the tissue IHC profile is mainly cytoplasmic (UniProt P30838; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Strength of tissue evidence (HPA tissue IHC). | HPA labels tissue staining Enhanced but describes only medium consistency with RNA expression; interpret an unexpected cell pattern with controls and the tissue context (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Application-specific localization (HPA ICC-IF). | ICC-IF reports plasma membrane and cytosol as main locations, plus nucleoplasm and vesicles; these cell-image observations do not define the expected chromogenic tissue IHC pattern (HPA ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| A known high-staining tissue is blank (HPA tissue IHC: High in esophagus and stomach). | A failed staining step is possible; the image alone cannot identify which step failed (standard IHC practice). | Check section integrity and positive controls, then review retrieval, primary incubation, and chromogenic detection steps (standard IHC practice). |
| Most tissue structures show uniform brown color. | Nonspecific detection or endogenous activity may obscure a cell-specific pattern (standard IHC practice). | Compare a no-primary control; review blocking, washes, and detection chemistry before scoring epithelial cells (standard IHC practice). |
| Signal is mainly nuclear in tissue IHC. | That diverges from the mainly cytoplasmic tissue profile, although nucleoplasm is an additional ICC-IF location (HPA tissue IHC; HPA ICC-IF). | Check controls and morphology, then score nuclear staining separately from the expected cytoplasmic pattern (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Adipocytes stain strongly. | HPA reports adipocytes as not detected; cross-reactivity or background is possible (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). | Compare nearby cell types and a no-primary control before attributing adipocyte color to ALDH3A1 (standard IHC practice). |
| A section has patchy or weak staining despite an intact positive control. | Expression differs among listed tissues and cell types; weak staining cannot be interpreted from the section-wide average (HPA tissue IHC). | Identify the stained cell type, compare it with the corresponding HPA level, and record intensity within that cell population (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). |
| Q: IF/ICC shows membrane or nuclear signal; should tissue IHC be scored the same way? | A: ICC-IF lists plasma membrane and cytosol as main locations and nucleoplasm as additional, while tissue IHC is mainly cytoplasmic (HPA ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). | Interpret each application against its own HPA pattern; use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application (HPA ICC-IF; HPA tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing ALDH3A1 staining
A01121-4 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-4). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human liver cancer ti
A01121-4 · IFIF analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-4). ALDH3A1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme a
A01121-5 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-5). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer t
PA2074 · IHCIHC analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (PA2074). ALDH3A1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human rectal cancer tis
A01121-3 · IFIF analysis of ALDH3A1 using anti-ALDH3A1 antibody (A01121-3). ALDH3A1 was detected in an immunocytochemical section of A549 cells. Enzyme a
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14538022
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/esophagus#imid_13638398
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/colon#imid_13638360
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000108602-ALDH3A1/tissue/liver#imid_13638369
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA051150; green = ALDH3A1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-549Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-549, antibody HPA051150; green = ALDH3A1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for ALDH3A1 IHC & IF
🧪Run esophagus first: its squamous epithelial cells should stain strongly (HPA: High in esophageal squamous epithelial cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative comparator (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the esophageal slide, adjacent stromal cells can serve as internal background comparators, with signal assessed against the squamous epithelium rather than presumed absent (HPA: High in squamous epithelial cells).
Positive control tissue: Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show ALDH3A1 in A-549, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Plasma membrane (approved), Cytosol (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary (secondary-only) slide, a species- and class-matched isotype IgG control, and ALDH3A1 knockout tissue or cells as a biological negative (standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection and check esophageal sections for nonspecific epithelial or edge staining (standard IHC practice; selected-SKU caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported in the supplied evidence; the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used for the catalog antibody, but the caption does not establish that retrieval is required (selected-SKU caption: heat-mediated EDTA retrieval, pH 8.0). The supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier than paraffin IHC; for IF/ICC, compare cytosolic and plasma membrane signal with background while allowing for the additional reported nucleoplasmic and vesicular signal (HPA subcellular: main and additional locations).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for ALDH3A1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Oral mucosa | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Skin | Cells in basal layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Stomach | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Epididymis | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced ALDH3A1 IHC Tips
Use the catalog antibody’s paraffin-section IHC conditions as a starting point, then assess staining by compartment, cell type and controls (datasheet A01121-4; HPA tissue IHC).
How should I optimize antigen retrieval when ALDH3A1 staining is weak?
Start heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet A01121-4). After deparaffinization, pilot 10–20 minutes of heating with consistent cooling, documenting epithelial morphology and section retention (general IHC practice). Keep primary exposure at 2 µg/ml overnight at 4°C while assessing retrieval, matching the selected tissue-IHC image (datasheet A01121-4). Compare sections containing esophageal squamous epithelium or stomach glandular cells with a no-primary control; both cell populations show high staining (HPA tissue IHC: High). If heat produces diffuse DAB or tissue loss, shorten the heating interval before changing antibody concentration (general IHC practice).
How can I assess whether fixation is affecting ALDH3A1 staining?
ALDH3A1-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative (datasheet A01121-4). For a new specimen series, document time to fixation and fixation duration, then compare adjacent sections processed under consistent paraffin-section conditions (general IHC practice). Hold retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 and primary exposure at 2 µg/ml overnight at 4°C while comparing specimens (datasheet A01121-4). Score cytoplasmic signal alongside nuclear detail and tissue integrity, since damaged morphology can complicate intensity comparisons (UniProt P30838: cytoplasm; general IHC practice). Treat differences between fixation conditions as assay observations until confirmed with matched specimens (general IHC practice).
Should membrane or nuclear DAB staining count as ALDH3A1 positive?
Assess cytoplasmic DAB staining first, because UniProt places ALDH3A1 in the cytoplasm and HPA tissue IHC reports mainly cytoplasmic expression (UniProt P30838: cytoplasm; HPA tissue IHC). HPA subcellular imaging also reports plasma membrane and cytosol as main locations, with nucleoplasm and vesicles additionally observed in ICC/IF images (HPA subcellular). ALDH3A1 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so membrane-associated signal alone does not establish an extracellular epitope (UniProt P30838 topology). Compare compartment patterns in matched sections retrieved with EDTA pH 8.0 and a no-primary control (datasheet A01121-4; general IHC practice). Investigate predominantly nuclear DAB before scoring it as tissue expression (general IHC practice).
Could an ALDH3A1 isoform or modified epitope explain inconsistent staining?
The supplied UniProt record annotates 0 isoforms, so an isoform-specific explanation is unsupported here (UniProt P30838: isoforms). It lists acetylation at residues 2, 178 and 194, but supplies no mapped epitope or evidence that these modifications alter antibody binding (UniProt P30838: modified residues; datasheet A01121-4). ALDH3A1 has no annotated transmembrane segment; do not infer an extracellular antibody target from a sharp membrane-like DAB pattern (UniProt P30838 topology). For inconsistent sections, first compare EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval, primary exposure at 2 µg/ml and no-primary controls under matched processing (datasheet A01121-4; general IHC practice). Request epitope information before attributing a staining difference to acetylation (general IHC practice).
How should I compare multiplex IF with the chromogenic ALDH3A1 result?
Use an expected-cell-type marker in a separate channel, such as a validated squamous epithelial marker when examining esophageal epithelium (HPA tissue IHC: esophageal squamous epithelial cells, High; general IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and check tissue autofluorescence in an unstained section before interpreting colocalisation (general IF practice). For cytosolic ALDH3A1, compare permeabilized and nonpermeabilized preparations if membrane-boundary signal matters; its lack of a transmembrane segment does not establish extracellular antibody access (HPA subcellular: cytosol; UniProt P30838 topology; general IF practice). HPA ICC/IF images include A-549 and U2OS, but the supplied evidence gives no IF fixation or permeabilisation condition for the catalog antibody (HPA subcellular; datasheet A01121-4). Compare the IF pattern with adjacent-section DAB staining as an orthogonal check (general IHC/IF practice).
What should I check when ALDH3A1 DAB staining looks diffuse?
Run a no-primary section to distinguish antibody-dependent staining from endogenous peroxidase or detection-reagent background (general IHC practice). Include an endogenous peroxidase block before HRP/DAB development and verify that washes remove unbound reagents (general IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 µg/ml rabbit primary overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase-conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A01121-4). If both control and stained sections develop diffuse color, review the peroxidase block and DAB development time before changing retrieval (general IHC practice). Compare cell-associated cytoplasmic signal with background in the same section (UniProt P30838: cytoplasm; general IHC practice).
How should I quantify ALDH3A1 across differently composed tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring; HPA reports high staining in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and stomach glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC: High). Report the percentage of positive eligible cells and intensity grades 0–3, or combine them into an H-score of 0–300 (general IHC practice). Normalize each score to the number of evaluable cells in the specified compartment, excluding necrosis and damaged edges consistently (general IHC practice). If counting positive cells per area, report density per mm² of annotated viable tissue and retain the epithelial fraction for context (general IHC practice). Keep EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and DAB development consistent across slides (datasheet A01121-4; general IHC practice).
How can I distinguish true ALDH3A1 staining from tissue artefact?
Favor cell-associated cytoplasmic staining in expected populations, including esophageal squamous epithelial cells and stomach glandular cells (UniProt P30838: cytoplasm; HPA tissue IHC: High). Examine unexpected dominant nuclear or diffuse extracellular DAB carefully: HPA ICC/IF reports additional nucleoplasmic localisation, but tissue IHC is mainly cytoplasmic (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). Exclude damaged edges and necrotic areas from interpretation, and check whether similar color appears in the no-primary section (general IHC practice). Endogenous peroxidase can produce DAB signal, so evaluate the peroxidase block when staining persists without primary antibody (general IHC practice). Judge uncertain patterns against morphology and a matched section processed with EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A01121-4; general IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best ALDH3A1 / Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring IHC Antibodies
The catalog includes human paraffin-section IHC images from liver and rectal cancer tissue, plus IF images from A549 cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-4
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-5
Real IHC data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # PA2074
Real IF data
Anti-ALDH3A1 Antibody ®
Cat # A01121-3
A01121-4 has IHC data from human liver cancer tissue and IF data from A549 cells (catalog image captions); A01121-5 and PA2074 have IHC data from human rectal cancer tissue (catalog image captions). A01121-3 has IF data from A549 cells and lists Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity (catalog image caption; catalog reactivity).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, choose A01121-4 for the human liver cancer example, or A01121-5 or PA2074 for the human rectal cancer examples; each SKU has its own IHC image with EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and primary antibody at 2 μg/ml (respective IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, A01121-4 and A01121-3 list both applications and have A549 IF images; A01121-3 is listed as polyclonal (catalog applications; respective IF image captions; A01121-3 catalog dilution text). A01121-3 lists Human, Mouse and Rat reactivity for cross-species planning, while its depicted IF experiment uses A549 cells; the paraffin-section IHC captions do not report a fixative (catalog reactivity; A01121-3 IF image caption; respective IHC image captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P30838 (AL3A1_HUMAN, Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm and vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. ALDH3A1 antibody validation summary (3 antibodies).
- Association of ALDH3A1 expression with tumor differentiation, pathological stage, and nodal status in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2025 — PMC12246704.
- The Role of the ALDH Family in Predicting Prognosis and Therapy Response in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2025 — PMC12384013.
- ALDH3A1 Overexpression in Melanoma and Lung Tumors Drives Cancer Stem Cell Expansion, Impairing Immune Surveillance through Enhanced PD-L1 Output. Cancers 2019 — PMC6966589.
- Proteomic analysis in pterygium; upregulated protein expression of ALDH3A1, PDIA3, and PRDX2. Molecular vision 2014 — PMC4153422.
- PubMed PMID:1737758 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:8493892 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for ALDH3A1 (Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring). Expected localisation Mainly cytoplasmic in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A01121-4). Validated IHC antibody: A01121-4 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Esophagus (Squamous epithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human liver cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A01121-4); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A01121-4); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A01121-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A01121-4); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-ALDH3A1, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A01121-4); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A01121-4). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Staining intensity varies by tissue and cell type (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms, signal peptide or propeptide (UniProt); Regulation: No specific expression regulator reported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt P30838, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the plasma membrane and cytosol. In addition…, Datasheet A01121-4, PMC12246704, PMC12384013. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ALDH3A1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.