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CCDC88A / Girdin · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for CCDC88A
Plan chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections using cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs as a reference (HPA tissue IHC). Start the IHC-validated antibody A03282-1 at 1:100–1:300 (datasheet), and compare staining with the listed positive and negative cell populations (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
CCDC88A Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Abundant cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) | |
| Positive control | Testis+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | EGF can shift Girdin from cytosol to membrane (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is unspecified (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Five isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended CCDC88A IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol is accompanied by published CCDC88A protocols for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PMC5139074) and hepatocellular carcinoma (PMC9043556).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03282-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03282-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0, 20 min at 95–98 °C (standard rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-CCDC88A, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A03282-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CCDC88A-positive staining in pachytene spermatocytes of testis (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Abundant cytoplasmic expression in lymphatic organs. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page retrieval). The pancreatic study used a hotter autoclave step (PMC5139074).
Section 2
What Is the Expected CCDC88A Staining Pattern?
CCDC88A is a soluble protein found in the cytosol and at membranes and cytoskeletal structures; it has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q3V6T2). In paraffin section IHC, expect chiefly cytoplasmic staining in pachytene spermatocytes and selected lymphoid cells or lung macrophages (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates its tissue IHC profile Enhanced, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC).
| Distinct cytoplasmic staining in pachytene spermatocytes; weaker staining in germinal center cells or lung macrophages. | This matches the reported cell distribution: High in testis pachytene spermatocytes and Medium in lymph node and tonsil germinal center cells and lung macrophages (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare cells within their tissue context; these levels do not specify a universal staining intensity across laboratories. |
| Predominantly nuclear staining in an IHC section, with little cytoplasmic signal in expected positive cells. | Review the result as a possible compartment mismatch: UniProt places CCDC88A in cytosol and associated structures (UniProt Q3V6T2). HPA reports nucleoplasm in ICC-IF, but marks that location uncertain (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). That IF observation alone does not establish a predominantly nuclear IHC pattern. |
| Strong staining in cells reported as undetected, such as adipocytes or bronchial respiratory epithelium. | HPA reports no detection in those specified cell types (HPA: tissue IHC). Check cell identification and controls before calling the result CCDC88A; antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic detection activity are possible general IHC explanations. An undetected cell type does not make every cell in that tissue a negative control. |
| A broad, even deposit across tissue, including cells expected to be negative. | This obscures the cell-specific pattern needed for interpretation (HPA: tissue IHC). In general IHC practice, excess primary or detection reagent, incomplete blocking, or inadequate washing can produce diffuse background. Examine the no-primary control and compare signal with the expected positive cell population before scoring. |
| No convincing signal in pachytene spermatocytes on a testis section. | That conflicts with the High signal reported for these cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Confirm that the relevant cells are present and that the positive control and detection run worked; then review the antibody's documented IHC use and general retrieval and dilution conditions. HPA supplies no CCDC88A-specific fixation sensitivity here. |
💡Expected CCDC88A appearanceA positive paraffin section shows chiefly cytoplasmic staining, strongest in pachytene spermatocytes and potentially Medium in listed lymphoid cells or lung macrophages, whereas uniform staining of HPA-undetected cells or isolated chromogenic deposits warrant a control check (UniProt Q3V6T2; HPA: tissue IHC).
| Topology and compartment | CCDC88A has no transmembrane segment and is reported in cytosol, at the cell membrane, and at cytoskeletal structures (UniProt Q3V6T2). Interpret a cytoplasmic pattern as compatible with the target; membrane association may occur without a membrane-spanning protein. |
| Cell state | UniProt reports cytosolic localization in unstimulated cells and increased membrane localization after EGF stimulation (UniProt Q3V6T2). A membrane-associated component can therefore fit the record, but this does not predict the stimulus state or intensity of a fixed tissue section. |
| Tissue and antibody evidence | HPA calls the tissue IHC profile Enhanced but notes medium consistency with RNA data (HPA: tissue IHC). Its antibody records rate HPA038102 Enhanced and HPA038101 Supported for IHC (HPA: antibodies). Use those grades to frame confidence, not as proof that every stained cell is specific. |
| Isoforms and epitope coverage | UniProt lists 5 CCDC88A isoforms (UniProt Q3V6T2). The supplied sources give no epitope map for the antibody used here, so isoform-specific detection or absence cannot be inferred from staining; check the antibody's documented epitope if an isoform claim matters. |
| IF/ICC Q: Is nucleoplasmic or centrosomal staining expected? | A: HPA reports centrosome and basal body as supported ICC-IF locations, plasma membrane as an additional supported location, and nucleoplasm as uncertain (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). These cell-image observations belong to IF/ICC interpretation and do not replace the tissue IHC pattern. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The testis positive control is blank. | Pachytene spermatocytes may be absent from the examined area, or a general IHC staining step may have failed (HPA: High in pachytene spermatocytes; general IHC practice). | Locate the relevant cells on the counterstain, verify the detection control, then review primary antibody dilution and antigen retrieval against the antibody's documented IHC conditions. Do not assign a CCDC88A-specific fixation effect without evidence. |
| Germinal center cells stain faintly while testis stains clearly. | The difference may reflect the reported tissue pattern: germinal center cells are Medium and pachytene spermatocytes High (HPA: tissue IHC). | Score identified cell populations separately and compare with a run-matched positive control. Avoid increasing detection intensity solely to force equal staining across these tissues (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Bronchial respiratory epithelium or adipocytes stain strongly. | Those specific cell types are reported as not detected (HPA: tissue IHC); cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is a possible general IHC cause. | Confirm cell identity, inspect the no-primary control for endogenous chromogenic activity, and reassess antibody specificity before assigning the signal to CCDC88A (general IHC practice). |
| The whole section has diffuse brown background. | Nonspecific reagent binding, insufficient blocking or washing, or overdevelopment can obscure cell-level contrast (general IHC practice). | Compare no-primary and positive controls, then adjust blocking, washing, antibody concentration, or chromogen development within the documented IHC workflow. Reassess the reported positive cell types after background is reduced (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Signal appears mainly nuclear in paraffin section IHC. | The dominant compartment differs from UniProt's cytosolic localization; HPA's nucleoplasm assignment comes from ICC-IF and is uncertain (UniProt Q3V6T2; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). | Check the counterstain and no-primary control, then review staining specificity and section morphology before scoring nuclear signal as CCDC88A (general IHC practice). |
| A brain section is weak despite tissue-enhanced brain RNA. | RNA and cell-level protein staining need not match: HPA reports brain-enhanced RNA but no detection in caudate glial cells or cerebral cortex endothelial cells, and Low staining in cerebellar Purkinje cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | Interpret the named cells separately and use the listed testis positive population to check the IHC run; do not infer a uniformly strong brain protein signal from the RNA category (HPA: tissue IHC). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing CCDC88A staining
A03282-1 · IHCImmunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue, using Girdin Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the s
P03282 · IHCImmunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using Girdin (Phospho-Ser1417) Antibody. The picture on the right
A03282-2 · IFImmunofluorescence of Girdin in human brain tissue with Girdin antibody at 20 μg/mL.
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000115355-CCDC88A/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_9664102
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000115355-CCDC88A/tissue/esophagus#imid_9664074
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000115355-CCDC88A/tissue/colon#imid_9657676
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000115355-CCDC88A/tissue/liver#imid_9657693
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA038102; green = CCDC88A, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA038102; green = CCDC88A, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for CCDC88A IHC & IF
🧪Run testis first: pachytene spermatocytes should stain (High; HPA: testis). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue, focusing on adipocytes (Not detected; HPA: adipose tissue); cells without specific chromogen on the testis slide can serve as internal negatives, but HPA does not identify a negative testis cell type (HPA: testis).
Positive control tissue: Testis (Pachytene spermatocytes, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CCDC88A in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (uncertain), Centrosome (supported), Basal body (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and host- and clonality-matched isotype controls, plus a CCDC88A knockout sample or peptide-blocked antibody as a biological specificity control (standard IHC practice; selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption: peptide block). Check and quench endogenous peroxidase on testis sections before chromogenic detection (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window and fixation effect are unreported, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). Antigen-retrieval dependency is unreported; optimize retrieval empirically with the IHC-validated antibody (standard IHC practice). The supplied evidence does not establish that frozen sections or IF are easier; score the expected pachytene-spermatocyte staining against background in adjacent cells and tissue structures (HPA: testis; standard IHC practice).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for CCDC88A
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Testis | Pachytene spermatocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Macrophages | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Germinal center cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced CCDC88A IHC Tips
Troubleshoot CCDC88A (Girdin) staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, cell type and controls before comparing scores.
How should I retrieve CCDC88A in paraffin sections when staining is weak?
Start with citrate buffer at pH 6.0, heated to 95–98 °C for 20 min (page IHC retrieval specification). If staining remains weak, compare a longer exposure to the same buffer on matched sections while checking whether morphology deteriorates (standard IHC practice). Keep section thickness, cooling, antibody incubation and chromogenic development constant so the retrieval comparison is interpretable (standard IHC practice). CCDC88A can occupy cytosolic, membrane and cytoskeletal compartments, so assess signal within cells rather than judging retrieval from overall section darkness (UniProt Q3V6T2 subcellular location). Include a no-primary control to distinguish increased target staining from increased background (standard IHC practice).
Can fixation explain variable CCDC88A staining between paraffin blocks?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected antibody image identifies paraffin-embedded human brain tissue but does not state its fixative (A03282-1 tissue-IHC caption). Record each block’s fixative, fixation duration and processing history before comparing staining (standard IHC practice). On new material, use one documented fixation procedure and process matched samples together, then apply the same citrate pH 6.0 retrieval at 95–98 °C for 20 min (page IHC retrieval specification). If older blocks stain weakly, compare them with a concurrently stained reference section and check preservation of morphology (standard IHC practice). Do not assign a CCDC88A-specific fixation effect without a controlled comparison.
Which staining compartments should I expect for CCDC88A in tissue?
Expect chiefly cellular staining and evaluate cytoplasmic patterns in context: CCDC88A is annotated in the cytosol, membrane, vesicles, projections and cytoskeletal structures (UniProt Q3V6T2 subcellular location). Tissue IHC reports abundant cytoplasmic expression in lymphatic organs (HPA tissue IHC profile). A membrane-enriched pattern can be plausible because EGF stimulation promotes membrane localisation, although that mechanism alone does not establish stimulation in the section (UniProt Q3V6T2 subcellular location). Supported centrosome and basal-body localisation comes from cell imaging, so small puncta deserve careful comparison with controls (HPA subcellular). Score cytoplasmic and membrane signal separately, using identical 20 min retrieval and development conditions across sections (page IHC retrieval specification; standard IHC practice).
Why might an antibody miss some CCDC88A-positive cells or compartments?
CCDC88A has 5 annotated isoforms, so epitope inclusion must be checked against the antibody’s stated immunogen before interpreting a negative stain (UniProt Q3V6T2 isoforms). The selected image shows loss of staining after competition with a synthesized peptide, supporting recognition of that peptide-associated signal in paraffin-embedded human brain tissue (A03282-1 tissue-IHC caption). Peptide competition alone does not establish recognition of every isoform or prove that every cellular compartment stains equally (standard IHC interpretation). If epitope coordinates are unavailable, describe results as staining with this antibody rather than total CCDC88A abundance. Compare matched sections under the same citrate pH 6.0, 20 min retrieval conditions (page IHC retrieval specification).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous chromogenic CCDC88A staining?
Use IF as a complementary spatial check, keeping its validation and interpretation separate from the paraffin IHC result (standard IF practice). Multiplex CCDC88A with a marker identifying the expected cell population, such as macrophages in lung or germinal-center cells in lymph node, and score colocalisation at the cell level (HPA tissue IHC: medium in lung macrophages and lymph-node germinal-center cells). Choose fluorophores after inspecting unstained tissue for autofluorescence, and include single-stain controls for channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because CCDC88A has no transmembrane segment and includes cytosolic and membrane-associated pools, select permeabilisation according to access to the antibody’s mapped epitope (UniProt Q3V6T2 topology and subcellular location). The IHC retrieval setting of 20 min is specific to this page’s paraffin workflow (page IHC retrieval specification).
How do I reduce diffuse brown staining without losing CCDC88A signal?
First compare a no-primary section with the stained section to identify background from the detection system (standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase before chromogenic detection, then check whether diffuse DAB colour persists in the no-primary control (standard IHC practice). If background follows tissue edges or damaged areas, avoid scoring those regions and review section handling and wash steps (standard IHC practice). Titrate the IHC-validated antibody using its documented working range, if supplied, while holding citrate pH 6.0, 20 min retrieval constant (page IHC retrieval specification; standard IHC practice). Retain a concurrently stained reference section because CCDC88A has documented cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs (HPA tissue IHC profile).
How should I quantify CCDC88A staining across tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, then report either an H-score, percentage of positive cells or positive-cell density per mm² (standard IHC quantification). For an H-score, record the percentages of cells at each intensity and calculate 0–300 from intensity-weighted percentages (standard IHC quantification). Normalise counts to the number of eligible cells or measured viable tissue area, and keep thresholds and DAB development consistent across sections (standard IHC practice). Report cytoplasmic and membrane signal separately when both occur, since CCDC88A occupies cytosolic and membrane-associated compartments (UniProt Q3V6T2 subcellular location). Compare like cell populations across samples; the HPA reports differing staining levels among cell types (HPA tissue IHC).
When is CCDC88A staining convincing rather than an artefact?
A convincing result has cellular localisation, an appropriate cell population and little matching signal in the no-primary control (standard IHC interpretation). Cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs and staining in lung macrophages or lymph-node germinal-center cells fit the reported tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC profile). Treat staining confined to section edges, necrotic regions or areas retaining endogenous peroxidase activity with caution (standard IHC interpretation). Predominantly extracellular deposits or uniform staining of unrelated structures warrant scrutiny because CCDC88A is annotated as cytosolic, membrane-associated and cytoskeletal, with no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q3V6T2 subcellular location and topology). Peptide-blocked staining in the selected human brain image offers an antibody-specific comparison, but its caption does not report fixation (A03282-1 tissue-IHC caption).
Boster reagents
Best CCDC88A / Girdin IHC Antibodies
Anti-CCDC88A antibodies have IHC images from paraffin-embedded human brain and breast carcinoma, and an IF image from human brain (catalog figure captions). Listed reactivity covers human, mouse, and rat (catalog: reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-Girdin CCDC88A Antibody
Cat # A03282-1
Real IHC data
Anti-Phospho Girdin (Ser1417) CCDC88A Antibody
Cat # P03282
Real IF data
Anti-Girdin CCDC88A Antibody
Cat # A03282-2
A03282-1 shows IHC in paraffin-embedded human brain, with synthesized-peptide blocking (A03282-1 figure caption); P03282 shows phospho-Ser1417 IHC in paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, with phospho-peptide blocking (P03282 figure caption). A03282-2 shows IF in human brain at 20 μg/mL (A03282-2 figure caption).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A03282-1 for total Girdin or P03282 for phospho-Ser1417; both are rabbit polyclonals listed for human and mouse IHC (catalog: titles, dilution data, applications, reactivity). For IF/ICC, A03282-1 and P03282 list both applications, while A03282-2 has a human-brain IF image and lists IF but not ICC (catalog: applications; A03282-2 figure caption). A03282-2 also lists rat reactivity, though its pictured IF sample is human (catalog: reactivity; A03282-2 figure caption); the IHC captions specify paraffin sections but report no fixative (A03282-1 and P03282 figure captions).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q3V6T2 (GRDN_HUMAN, Girdin).
- Human Protein Atlas. CCDC88A tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. CCDC88A subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm, centrosome and basal body. In addition localized to the plasma membrane..
- Human Protein Atlas. CCDC88A antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- CCDC88A, a prognostic factor for human pancreatic cancers, promotes the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 2016 — PMC5139074.
- CCDC88A Post-Transcriptionally Regulates VEGF via miR-101 and Subsequently Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in immunology 2022 — PMC9043556.
- Efficient delivery of small interfering RNAs targeting particular mRNAs into pancreatic cancer cells inhibits invasiveness and metastasis of pancreatic tumors. Oncotarget 2019 — PMC6499602.
- PubMed PMID:16139227 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15882442 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CCDC88A (Girdin). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in lymphatic organs (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6.0 HIER, 95–98 °C, 20 min (rule: cytoplasmic / membrane antigen). Validated IHC antibody: A03282-1 at 1:100 - 1:300 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Testis (Pachytene spermatocytes); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human brain tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03282-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03282-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat-induced epitope retrieval in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 , 20 min at 95–98 °C…; 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-CCDC88A, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A03282-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: EGF can shift Girdin from cytosol to membrane (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: Five isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation is unspecified (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q3V6T2, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm, centrosome and basal body. In…, Datasheet A03282-1, PMC5139074, PMC9043556. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CCDC88A/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.