CCND1 / G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for CCND1

Plan paraffin-section CCND1 IHC around its general nuclear staining pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Use high-staining appendix lymphoid tissue and undetected prostate glandular cells as reference populations (HPA tissue IHC).

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use

Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CCND1 (IHC for CCND1): expected localisation General nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC), antibody PB9370, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps — Printable **CCND1** IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation General nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC), antibody PB9370, controls and protocol steps. Open the full CCND1 IHC guide →

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CCND1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining

	Expected localisation	General nuclear staining (HPA tissue IHC)
	Staining pattern	Nuclear staining across tissues (HPA tissue IHC)
	Antigen retrieval	EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9370)
	Positive control ⓘ	Appendix+4 more · see all
	Negative control ⓘ	Prostate

Important caveats

Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.

	Fixation	Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image PB9370)
	Caveat	Signal varies by cell type; prostate glands are undetected (HPA tissue IHC)
	Regulation	G1/S-linked expression (UniProt)
	Isoform / epitope	No isoforms or processing annotated (UniProt)

Section 1

Recommended CCND1 IHC & IF Protocols

The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet: PB9370). Published IHC protocols below cover chondroid lipoma (PMC3087950), endometrial tissue (PMC11816803), and plasma cell myeloma (PMC6676137).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
Sample	Paraffin-embedded human colon cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9370)
Fixation	Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9370); verify before use.
Sectioning	4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
Deparaffinisation	Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrieval	Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9370); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block	3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking	10% goat serum (datasheet PB9370)
Primary antibody	Rabbit anti-CCND1, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet PB9370)
Primary incubation	Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9370)
Detection	HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet PB9370)
Counterstain	Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected result	CCND1-positive staining in lymphoid tissue of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression. No signal in the no-primary control.

💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet: PB9370); use each article’s stated retrieval when reproducing its protocol.

Section 2

What Is the Expected CCND1 Staining Pattern?

CCND1 is predominantly nuclear in tissue IHC (HPA: general nuclear expression; reliability Supported, with medium consistency between staining and RNA). UniProt also lists cytoplasm and nuclear membrane, but no transmembrane segment (UniProt P24385: subcellular location and topology). Expect staining in the cell populations HPA reports as positive, including appendix lymphoid tissue and breast myoepithelial cells (HPA: High in both).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Distinct nuclear staining in appendix lymphoid tissue or breast myoepithelial cells.	This matches the reported cell populations and dominant compartment (HPA: High in both; general nuclear expression). Compare nuclei within the relevant population, since a positive tissue does not imply that every cell should stain (standard IHC interpretation).
Predominantly diffuse cytoplasmic or surface staining, with little nuclear signal.	Question whether this is the intended result: tissue IHC is generally nuclear (HPA: general nuclear expression). UniProt lists cytoplasm and nuclear membrane, so minor nonnuclear signal alone cannot establish an artefact; assess its distribution against nuclear staining and controls (UniProt P24385: subcellular location; standard IHC practice).
Strong staining mainly in a cell population other than the one expected for the selected tissue.	Check cell identity against the tissue-specific HPA entry; for example, the reported breast population is myoepithelial cells (HPA: High in breast myoepithelial cells). Unexpected signal can reflect antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity; omission and detection controls help distinguish them (standard IHC practice).
Uniform haze across cells and surrounding tissue, without clear nuclear boundaries.	This does not resemble HPA's general nuclear pattern (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Nonspecific antibody or detection background is possible; review blocking, reagent exposure and primary-omission controls before scoring nuclei (standard IHC practice).
No nuclear signal in a known-positive cell population.	First verify that the expected cells are present: HPA reports High staining in kidney glomerular cells and bone-marrow hematopoietic cells, among others (HPA: tissue IHC). If present, assess the antibody and detection controls and the established IHC-P workflow; an empty slide alone does not establish absent CCND1 (standard IHC practice).

💡Expected CCND1 appearanceCall a result positive when the expected cell population shows discernible nuclear chromogen, potentially strong in HPA High populations; broad haze or staining confined to unexpected cells is suspect (HPA: general nuclear expression and tissue levels; standard IHC interpretation).

How each factor affects the staining
Tissue and cell selection	HPA reports High staining in appendix lymphoid tissue, bone-marrow hematopoietic cells, breast myoepithelial cells, and several other specified populations; prostate glandular cells are Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). Choose controls by cell population, and do not treat that prostate entry as a claim about every cell in the section (standard IHC interpretation).
Antibody validation	One listed antibody has Supported IHC status; the other has ICC Supported status without a listed IHC status (HPA: CAB080462 IHC Supported; HPA027802 ICC Supported). These application-specific labels do not make their results interchangeable (HPA: antibody validation; standard IHC interpretation).
Antigen retrieval	Use the retrieval conditions established for the IHC-validated antibody and compare control sections when optimizing (standard IHC practice). The supplied UniProt and HPA records do not report CCND1-specific retrieval requirements or fixation sensitivity.
Protein features	CCND1 is a 295-residue chain with no signal peptide, propeptide or transmembrane segment, and UniProt records phosphorylation at Thr286 (UniProt P24385: processing, topology and modified residue). None of these entries identifies this antibody's epitope or demonstrates that phosphorylation changes its IHC signal.
IF/ICC Q&A: Where should signal appear?	HPA places CCND1 in the nucleoplasm and lists BJ and U2OS ICC-IF images (HPA: supported nucleoplasmic location; ICC-IF image list). Use that as an IF localisation expectation; it is separate from the tissue IHC evidence (HPA: subcellular and tissue IHC records).

Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
Situation	Likely cause	Next action
Positive-control section has no nuclear chromogen.	The expected cells may be absent from the viewed field, or the antibody, retrieval or detection workflow may have failed (HPA: cell-specific High entries; standard IHC practice).	Locate the HPA-listed population, then check the established IHC-P conditions and a working detection control; interpret the test section only after the positive control performs (standard IHC practice).
Prostate glandular cells stain strongly.	HPA reports this population as Not detected, making the result discordant with its tissue entry; nonspecific antibody or detection signal is possible (HPA: prostate glandular cells; standard IHC interpretation).	Confirm glandular cell identity and compare primary-omission and detection controls. Reassess antibody conditions if nuclear staining persists only with primary antibody (standard IHC practice).
Chromogen is widespread outside nuclei.	A broad nonnuclear pattern conflicts with HPA's general nuclear tissue profile; background or cross-reactivity may contribute (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).	Compare omission controls, assess background in surrounding tissue, and optimize blocking or reagent exposure while retaining a nuclear positive control (standard IHC practice).
Staining appears only in unexpected cell types.	The cell population may have been misidentified, or signal may reflect cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (standard IHC interpretation). HPA levels apply to named cells within each tissue (HPA: tissue IHC entries).	Review tissue morphology and the corresponding HPA cell entry; use primary-omission and detection controls to test whether signal depends on the primary antibody (standard IHC practice).
Nuclear signal is weak but visible.	A low-staining population may have been chosen: HPA lists Low staining in thyroid and adrenal glandular cells, among others (HPA: tissue IHC). Weak signal by itself does not identify a technical failure.	Compare with a High HPA-listed population on a control section and score the selected cells against local background under the same detection conditions (HPA: tissue levels; standard IHC practice).
IF/ICC signal looks different from tissue IHC.	The evidence describes different preparations: nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC-IF and general nuclear expression in tissue IHC (HPA: subcellular and tissue IHC records).	Interpret each against its own HPA observation and application-specific antibody validation; do not use ICC Support as proof of IHC performance (HPA: subcellular location and antibody validation).

Source: UniProt P24385 Human Protein Atlas tissue Human Protein Atlas subcellular

Experiment evidence

IHC & IF images showing CCND1 staining

IHC analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370). CCND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colon cancer tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-CCND1 Antibody (PB9370) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

PB9370 · IHCIHC analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370). CCND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human colon cancer tissue. He

IHC analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370). CCND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human endometrial cancer tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-CCND1 Antibody (PB9370) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.

PB9370 · IHCIHC analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370). CCND1 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human endometrial cancer tiss

IF analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370) and anti-Tubulin Alpha antibody (M03989-3). CCND1 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U2OS cell. Enzyme antigen retrieval was performed using IHC enzyme antigen retrieval reagent (AR0022) for 15 mins. The cells were blocked with 10% goat serum. And then incubated with 5 μg/mL rabbit anti-CCND1 Antibody (PB9370) and mouse anti-Tubulin Alpha antibody (M03989-3) overnight at 4°C. DyLight®488 Conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (BA1127) and Cy3 Conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (BA1031) were used as secondary antibody at 1:500 dilution and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. Visualize using a fluorescence microscope and filter sets appropriate for the label used.

PB9370 · IFIF analysis of CCND1 using anti-CCND1 antibody (PB9370) and anti-Tubulin Alpha antibody (M03989-3). CCND1 was detected in immunocytochemical

M00149-5 · IHCHuman esophagus was stained with anti-Cyclin D1 rabbit antibody

M00149-5 · IHCHuman tonsil was stained with anti-Cyclin D1 rabbit antibody

M00149-1 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human bladder, using Cyclin D1 Antibody.

M00149-1 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded Human pituitary tumor, using the Antibody at 1:100 dilution.

M00149-1 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of MCF-7 cells, using Cyclin D1 Antibody.

HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000110092-CCND1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_21290447

HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000110092-CCND1/tissue/colon#imid_21290381

HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000110092-CCND1/tissue/liver#imid_21290366

HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000110092-CCND1/tissue/kidney#imid_21290383

HPA ICC-IF BJ [Human fibroblast] — CCND1 (HPA027802)

HPA · ICC-IF BJ [Human fibroblast]Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, BJ [Human fibroblast], antibody HPA027802; green = CCND1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.

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Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.

Sample controls for CCND1 IHC & IF

🧪Run breast first and look for nuclear staining in myoepithelial cells (HPA: High in breast myoepithelial cells; UniProt P24385: nucleus). Run prostate as the negative tissue, focusing on glandular cells (HPA: Not detected in prostate glandular cells); on the breast slide, adjacent cells without nuclear signal provide a background reference, but their CCND1 status must be assessed rather than assumed from the HPA row.

Positive control tissue: Appendix (Lymphoid tissue, HPA High)

Negative control tissue: Prostate (HPA Not detected)

ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CCND1 in BJ [Human fibroblast], U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (supported) (HPA subcellular).

Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a nonimmune isotype control matched to the primary antibody’s host and clonality; the selected antibody is rabbit-derived, while its clonality is unreported (PB9370 tissue-IHC caption). Confirm specificity with CCND1 knockout material if available, and quench endogenous peroxidase before HRP/DAB detection (standard IHC practice; PB9370 tissue-IHC caption: HRP/DAB).

⚠️Feasibility: The selected paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative, and the supplied evidence reports no target-specific fixation window or fixation effect (PB9370 tissue-IHC caption: fixative not stated). Heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 was used for the pictured IHC result, but a retrieval requirement is unreported (PB9370 tissue-IHC caption). No supplied comparison establishes that frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier; in breast, identify the narrow myoepithelial layer by morphology when scoring nuclear signal (HPA: High in breast myoepithelial cells; standard histology practice).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for CCND1

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Appendix	Lymphoid tissue	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Bone marrow	Hematopoietic cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Breast	Myoepithelial cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Caudate	Neuronal cells	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →
Cerebellum	Cells in granular layer	High	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

Tissue	Cell type	Level	Evidence	Source
Prostate	Glandular cells	Not detected	Protein (IHC)	HPA →

Section 3

Advanced CCND1 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot CCND1 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, controls and cell level scoring (datasheet PB9370; HPA: general nuclear expression).

How should I optimise retrieval when CCND1 nuclear staining is weak?

Start with heat mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet PB9370). The selected tissue image used this retrieval before incubation with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C, so keep those conditions as a reference while troubleshooting (datasheet PB9370). Check that sections remain attached and nuclear detail remains intact after heating; damaged morphology makes weak staining difficult to interpret (standard IHC practice). Compare a positive control across retrieval runs and change only one heating variable at a time, recording temperature and duration because the caption does not report either (standard IHC practice; datasheet PB9370).

Could fixation explain weak or uneven CCND1 staining?

CCND1 specific sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected image describes a paraffin section but does not state its fixative (datasheet PB9370). Record the fixative, fixation duration, specimen size and processing history before comparing sections, because preanalytical differences can alter antigen accessibility and morphology (standard IHC practice). Run differently processed specimens through the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and staining batch, with an internal or external positive control where available (datasheet PB9370; standard IHC practice). Do not assign a weak result to CCND1 loss until nuclear preservation, retrieval performance and control staining have been checked (standard IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression).

How should I interpret nuclear versus cytoplasmic CCND1 staining?

Prioritise convincing nuclear staining when reading chromogenic sections, since the tissue profile reports general nuclear expression (HPA: tissue IHC). CCND1 is also annotated in the cytoplasm and at the nuclear membrane, and cyclin D–CDK4 complexes can accumulate at the nuclear membrane before nuclear translocation (UniProt P24385: subcellular location). Thus, a cytoplasmic signal deserves review rather than automatic rejection, but diffuse staining without distinct nuclei should trigger control and background checks (UniProt P24385: subcellular location; standard IHC practice). Compare the same cell population on serial sections, assess nuclear counterstain and morphology, and report nuclear and cytoplasmic patterns separately rather than combining them into one positivity score (standard IHC practice).

Could an epitope or CCND1 variant explain discordant staining?

The supplied record lists 0 isoforms and a 295 amino acid chain; it does not identify the catalog antibody’s epitope (UniProt P24385; datasheet PB9370). CCND1 has a cyclin N terminal domain at residues 28–152 and a reported phosphorylation site at Thr286, but neither annotation establishes antibody binding or fixation sensitivity (UniProt P24385). If two antibodies disagree, compare their documented immunogens and IHC validation before attributing the difference to an isoform or modification (standard IHC practice). Retest discordant sections with matched retrieval, dilution, detection and positive controls; record which antibody yields crisp nuclear staining with acceptable background (standard IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression).

How can IF help assess an ambiguous CCND1 IHC pattern?

Use IF/ICC as a separate check of localisation: supported nucleoplasmic staining has been reported, with images in BJ and U2OS cells (HPA: subcellular). In multiplex IF, pair CCND1 with a marker for the cell population under study and use a nuclear counterstain to distinguish coexpression from overlapping cells (standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores after inspecting tissue autofluorescence, and include single colour controls when signals overlap (standard IF practice). CCND1 has no transmembrane segment, so use permeabilisation appropriate for an intracellular nuclear epitope and verify nuclear access; the catalog tissue IHC caption supplies no IF permeabilisation condition (UniProt P24385: topology and location; datasheet PB9370).

What should I check when CCND1 DAB staining looks diffuse?

First inspect a no primary control for endogenous peroxidase activity and nonspecific detection signal; include a peroxidase block in the chromogenic workflow (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet PB9370). These are reference conditions, while the block and DAB development are general workflow steps rather than proof of CCND1 specificity (datasheet PB9370; standard IHC practice). If background persists, assess section drying, edge staining, washing and primary concentration alongside a positive control, seeking distinct nuclei over surrounding tissue (standard IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression).

What is a reproducible way to score CCND1 IHC? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION

Define the cell population and nuclear positivity threshold before scoring, using the same counterstain and imaging settings across sections (standard IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression). Report the percentage of positive nuclei and, when intensity is reliable, an H-score from 0–300 calculated from percentages at 1+, 2+ and 3+ intensity (standard IHC practice). For spatial comparisons, report positive nuclei per mm² of viable tissue and the total evaluable nuclei or area, excluding folds and necrosis (standard IHC practice). Normalise comparisons to the same defined cell population and viable area, and keep cytoplasmic staining separate from the nuclear score (standard IHC practice; UniProt P24385: subcellular location).

How can I distinguish true CCND1 positivity from artefact?

Look for discrete staining in morphologically intact nuclei within the cell population being assessed; general nuclear expression is the supported tissue pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). High staining has been reported in appendix lymphoid tissue and breast myoepithelial cells, while prostate glandular cells were not detected, so identify the stained cells before treating a section as uniformly positive (HPA: tissue IHC). Review isolated edge staining, necrotic regions and tissue folds against adjacent intact tissue, and use a no primary control to assess endogenous enzyme or detection artefact (standard IHC practice). Cytoplasmic staining can occur, but a cytoplasm only result requires closer control review before it is scored as nuclear positivity (UniProt P24385: subcellular location; standard IHC practice).

Boster reagents

Best CCND1 / G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 IHC Antibodies

Anti-CCND1 antibodies have IHC images from human tissues and mouse and rat samples (catalog IHC image captions); IF/ICC images are available from human cells (catalog IF image captions).

Real IHC data

Anti-Cyclin D1/CCND1 Antibody ®

Cat # PB9370

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Real IHC data Human esophagus was stained with anti-Cyclin D1 rabbit antibody

Anti-Cyclin D1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Cat # M00149-5

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Real IHC data Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human bladder, using Cyclin D1 Antibody.

Anti-Cyclin D1 CCND1 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Cat # M00149-1

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PB9370 shows IHC in paraffin sections of human colon and endometrial cancer and rat lung (PB9370 IHC captions); M00149-5 shows IHC staining in human esophagus and tonsil, rat spleen, and mouse colon (M00149-5 IHC captions). M00149-1 shows IHC in paraffin sections of human bladder, pituitary tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian cancer, plus IF in MCF-7 cells (M00149-1 IHC and IF captions).

Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, start with PB9370: its human colon cancer image specifies EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (PB9370 IHC caption); the fixative is unreported (PB9370 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose rabbit monoclonal M00149-1, which lists both applications and has an IF image in MCF-7 cells (M00149-1 catalog applications and IF caption). For IHC across species, consider rabbit monoclonal M00149-5: its captions show human esophagus and tonsil, rat spleen, and mouse colon (M00149-5 catalog title and IHC captions); tissue processing and fixative are unreported in those captions (M00149-5 IHC captions).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P24385 (CCND1_HUMAN, G1/S-specific cyclin-D1).
Human Protein Atlas. CCND1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
Human Protein Atlas. CCND1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
Human Protein Atlas. CCND1 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
Delineation of chondroid lipoma: an immunohistochemical and molecular biological analysis. Sarcoma 2011 — PMC3087950.
Germline mutations in MSR1, ASCC1, and CTHRC1 in patients with Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2011 — PMC3574553.
Assessment of Cyclin D1 Expression: Prognostic Value and Functional Insights in Endometrial Cancer: In Silico Study. International journal of molecular sciences 2025 — PMC11816803.
Immunohistochemistry for identification of CCND1, NSD2, and MAF gene rearrangements in plasma cell myeloma. Cancer science 2019 — PMC6676137.
PubMed PMID:1826542 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:1833066 — UniProt-cited evidence.
PubMed PMID:1827756 — UniProt-cited evidence.