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- Table of Contents
1 Citations 7 Q&As
1 Citations 1 Q&As
Facts about Alpha-enolase.
Stimulates immunoglobulin production. .
Human | |
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Gene Name: | ENO1 |
Uniprot: | P06733 |
Entrez: | 2023 |
Belongs to: |
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enolase family |
2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase; Alpha enolase; C-myc promoter-binding protein; c-myc promoter-binding protein-1; EC 4.2.1; EC 4.2.1.11; ENO1L1; Enolase 1; enolase 1, (alpha); MBP-1; MBPB1; MPB-1; MPB1c-myc promoter-binding protein 1; MYC promoter-binding protein 1; NNE; Non-neural enolase; Phosphopyruvate hydratase; Plasminogen-binding protein; PPHalpha enolase like 1; tau-crystallin
Mass (kDA):
47.169 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 1p36.23 |
Sequence: | 1; NC_000001.11 (8861000..8878686, complement) |
The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.
Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, M line. Can translocate to the plasma membrane in either the homodimeric (alpha/alpha) or heterodimeric (alpha/gamma) form. ENO1 is localized to the M line.; [Isoform MBP-1]: Nucleus.
There are numerous ways to make use of Alpha-enolase and it can be utilized in a variety biological assays. These tests use monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to detect Alpha-enolase. These antibodies can be tested on any animal, from mice to rabbits. Alpha-enolase is a protein that acts as an activator or receptor for plasminogen is a prime instance.
Detection of Alpha-enolase with the ENO1 marker is a useful tool to assess patients suffering from lung cancer. Low ENO1 levels are associated with a poor prognosis for lung cancer, prostate cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors. This gene also has significant roles in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases and systemic fungal diseases.
The RNA was isolated from human tumor cells. The total RNA volume of each group was 2 ul. 0.8 ul of downstream and upstream primers were added to each group. The cDNA template was incorporated with 5.6 uls of ddH2O, and 10 uls of PrimeScript OneStep SYBR(r) and RT-PCR buffer. PrimeScript One Step Enzyme Mix was used to carry out the reaction for 40 cycles.
Detection of Alpha-enolase with the ENO1 marker utilizes the ENO1 gene as a marker. Alpha-enolase is expressed in cell surface, cytoplasm and nuclei in the majority of cells. The high levels of expression make it a valuable marker in various diseases including endometriosis as well as hypoxic brain injury.
Human a-enolase has been identified as a plasminogen-receptor on diverse types of cells. Monocytoid cells and leukocytic cell lines are just among the many types. Additionally, it has been associated with a variety of different diseases, including cancer Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
This test is a simple and simple method to identify ENO1 serum. The correlation between the serum ENO1 autoantibody levels and ENO1 levels in lung cancer tissues was substantial. These findings could be helpful in the diagnosis of lung cancer. It may also confirm the presence or absence of malignant cells or atypical ones. This test is non-invasive. It is able to distinguish between benign and malignant cells, which are the most prevalent kinds of lung cancer.
Numerous studies have revealed that the level of Alpha-enolase in blood is a reliable predictor of lung cancer. Furthermore, the levels of ENO1 antibodies are unaffected by gender, age, and smoking history. These results suggest that the ENO1 marker may be useful in the early detection and treatment of lung cancer. This test is not more sensitive than other screening methods, however it could detect cancer earlier than other methods.
Alpha-enolase is a glycolytic enzyme that is found in all cells. The gene is found in the cell's cytoplasm, surface, and nuclei. It is sometimes referred as an insensitive enzyme, since it is not able to perform sophisticated regulatory functions, and also plays an active role in catalytic chemical reactions. The clinical significance of this gene is not known.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that a-enolase is essential in the remodeling of muscles and plays a part in the activation of the plasminogen receptor uPAR. It also plays a role in promoting the breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulating the cell's survival. It is interesting to note that a-enolase has also been involved in various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.
Research on a-enolase has extended in recent years. New functions are being discovered for this enzyme, including the control of cell stress, fungal infections, and autoantigen activity. Its role in cancer metastasis is being studied as is its role in parasitic infections. However the clinical applications of a-enolase are still in the future, despite the increasing knowledge.
These studies have demonstrated that a-enolase is involved the regulation of troponin-related functions in muscle tissue. Interestingly, studies have shown that overexpression of ectopic alpha-enolase in lung cancer promotes cell growth and survival. Therefore, this enzyme could be useful for lung cancer cell lines. It may also contribute to the development of lung tumor cells.
The new enolase, also known as enolase 4 is also linked to male reproductive functions. Although enolase has been associated with other enzymes, it isn't yet clear if it is necessary to increase fertility. The study by Nakamura and colleagues reviews the basic characteristics of the alpha-enolase enzyme and ENO1.
It is possible that a-enolase might be associated with an influx of glucose onto the cell surface. This glucose is located in the cell walls. Further research is required to determine if this protein also plays a role in the synthesis of the cell wall. The authors conclude that invasive candidiasis is likely to be distinguished by a-enolase. They conclude that enolase may be a functional indicator in systemic Candida infection.
ENO1 is a member the protein disulfide Iomerase family A and has a variety of functions in cells. In the 9th step of glycolysis it phosphorylates 2-PGA, resulting in Pyruvate, and then converts it into a form suitable for biosynthesis of ATP. ENO1 activates the plasminogen which is present on the surfaces of various cells.
The ENO1 marker is highly specific and a useful biomarker of the PI3K/AKT pathway and the capability to identify the proteins that regulate the protein's expression could be a promising target in cancer treatment. This marker can be used to identify new therapeutic agents. The discovery of ENO1 was just the beginning. To discover new treatments for cancer, it is important to know the pathway.
Mutated ENO1 hinders Akt/PI3K activation. The knockdown of ENO1 decreased Akt the phosphorylation process, PI3K, and total levels of protein. ENO1 knockdown produced an identical effect on Cyclin D1, pRb and E-Cadherin expression. The results suggest that ENO1 is an important upstream factor in the PI3K/AKT pathway.
The ENO1 peptide induces a powerful immune response in human T cells. In mice the treatment of peptides that target ENO1 stimulates IFN-g mediated CD4 responses and a significant improvement in survival. It also suggests that T cells infiltrating with cancer recognize ENO1 as a target and activate anti-cancer treatment. Its citrullinated epitopes will be more likely to be recognized recognized by CD4+ cells than T-cells which recognize them.
The glioma cells of mutants express ENO1 and their aggressiveness is related to their expression. It is interesting to note that knockdown of ENO1 inhibits cell growth, migration, and invasion and invasion, suggesting that knockdown of ENO1 reduces the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in these cells. ENO1 knockdown leads to decreased growth of tumors. Patients with glioma are also more likely to have poor prognosis when ENO1 is elevated. This suggests that ENO1 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis.
Expression levels of ENO1 were measured in normal and NSCLC tissues. Higher levels of ENO1 expression have been linked to poorer prognosis in neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. The immunoproteomic method was employed to determine the cell-specific protein. The gene was referred to as ENO1.
Cancer is a multifaceted illness. There are many types of cancers, each with distinct genes or expression of proteins. It is crucial to be able to identify and combat these distinctive characteristics in order to create a vaccine against cancer. The most important thing is to select an antigen which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells and is not found on normal cells. The antigen should be immunogenic and essential for the survival of cancer cells.
One of the biggest obstacles to the development of a vaccine against cancer is the immune-suppressive environment that the tumor has. A tumor's immune system is in an "cold" state. This means that there aren't lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor. This antigen-specific molecule targets Alpha-enolase protein to help prevent the proliferation of tumor cells within the body. It is not clear how effective the vaccine against this type of cancer would be.
The company's latest work shows that the antigen responsible for Alpha-enolase can be targeted by an anti-cancer vaccine. Although cancer vaccines have been unable to demonstrate clinical efficacy however they can be effective when combined with other treatments. Conventional treatments are the initial line of treatment for most cancer patients. The vaccine may also be given in combination with other treatments, like chemo or radiotherapy.
Multiple epitopes are present in RNA vaccines and have the potential to solve safety concerns. The RNA vaccines contain a cellular adjuvant that can induce a response. Because RNA is a single-stranded protein, it's easy to make and transform. Additionally, RNA vaccines have shown safety and efficacy in clinical trials, with eight of 13 patients not experiencing tumors following the treatment. A positive response was also confirmed by the finding of neoantigen specific T cells in peripheral blood.
Although Alpha-enolase inhibitors can be an effective anticancer treatment however, these drugs are highly toxic when used alone They are not suggested for use in cancer vaccines. This could limit their effectiveness as adjuvants. However the company is looking into alternative methods to reduce the negative effects of cancer vaccines. The company is currently investigating the possibility of combining adjuvants and an approach to delivery that targets DNA.
PMID: 3529090 by Giallongo A., et al. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human alpha enolase.
PMID: 2373081 by Giallongo A., et al. Structure of the human gene for alpha-enolase.
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