This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
NMI / N-myc-interactor · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for NMI
Plan NMI chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections using the catalog antibody’s documented conditions (datasheet PB9340). Assess cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) while accounting for possible nuclear localization and macrophage secretion (UniProt).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
NMI Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); nuclear localization is possible (UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues, including glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9340) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image PB9340) | |
| Caveat | Macrophage-secreted NMI may appear outside cells (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | IFN-alpha increases nuclear localization (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No isoforms; the 1–307 chain can be intracellular or secreted (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended NMI IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet PB9340) is followed by three published NMI IHC protocols (PMC5639741; PMC5921859; PMC11079014).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human colon cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9340) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9340); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9340); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9340) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-NMI, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PB9340) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9340) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet PB9340) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | NMI-positive staining in glandular cells of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet PB9340); for lung cancer sections, compare the published pH 6 microwave method (PMC5639741 methods).
Section 2
What Is the Expected NMI Staining Pattern?
NMI is mainly cytoplasmic in tissue IHC, with punctate cytoplasmic granules and possible nuclear localisation (HPA: tissue profile; UniProt Q13287: subcellular location). Strong staining is reported in gastrointestinal glandular cells and cardiomyocytes (HPA: High). The tissue IHC antibody is Approved, although staining has low consistency with RNA expression; NMI has no transmembrane segment (HPA: reliability; UniProt Q13287: topology).
| Strong cytoplasmic staining in colon or small-intestine glandular cells, or in cardiomyocytes. | This matches reported high tissue staining (HPA: High in colon and small-intestine glandular cells; High in cardiomyocytes). Assess the stained cells and compartment, rather than calling the whole section positive (general IHC practice). |
| Cytoplasmic granules, with some nuclear signal in a relevant cell population. | Punctate cytoplasmic NMI and nuclear localisation are documented (UniProt Q13287: subcellular location). Nuclear localisation increases after IFN-alpha treatment (UniProt Q13287: subcellular location); nuclear signal alone does not establish treatment history. |
| A sharp cell-surface rim dominates while cytoplasm is unstained. | A membrane-only pattern conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic tissue profile and absence of a transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue profile; UniProt Q13287: topology). Check the control and staining pattern before assigning it to NMI (general IHC practice). |
| Strong signal appears mainly in adipocytes or esophageal squamous epithelial cells. | Those cells are reported as not detected (HPA: adipocytes; esophageal squamous epithelial cells). Treat the result as unexpected and check for antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogen activity (general IHC practice), while allowing for sample-specific biology. |
| Broad, diffuse chromogen obscures cell boundaries; or a known-positive control is blank. | Neither result permits confident compartment scoring (general IHC practice). A blank colon glandular-cell control conflicts with reported high staining (HPA: High in colon glandular cells); inspect controls and detection conditions before interpreting the test sample. |
💡Expected NMI appearanceCall positive when cell-associated cytoplasmic staining, sometimes granular, is clear in strongly staining glandular cells or cardiomyocytes (HPA: High in gastrointestinal glandular cells and cardiomyocytes; UniProt Q13287: cytoplasmic granules); a dominant membrane rim or indiscriminate chromogen deposit warrants review (UniProt Q13287: topology; general IHC practice).
| Tissue and cell selection | Appendix, colon, duodenum, rectum, small intestine and stomach glandular cells are High; breast glandular cells are Medium (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare the named cell population, since adipocytes and esophageal squamous cells are Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Nuclear distribution | NMI occurs in cytoplasm and nucleus, and nuclear localisation increases after IFN-alpha treatment (UniProt Q13287: subcellular location). Do not require identical nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios across conditions. |
| Extracellular signal | Macrophages can secrete NMI during injury or pathogen invasion (UniProt Q13287: function). Extracellular staining therefore needs cell-context review; it cannot, by itself, identify its source or prove secretion in a section. |
| Validation and preparation limits | The listed antibody HPA008588 is IHC Approved, while HPA notes low agreement between staining and RNA data (HPA: antibody validation; reliability). Target-specific fixation sensitivity and retrieval conditions are unreported in the supplied sources; optimise retrieval with controls (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q: Is a nuclear signal plausible? | A: Yes. Nucleoplasm is approved and cytosol supported in HPA ICC-IF; UniProt also lists nucleus and cytoplasm (HPA: subcellular; UniProt Q13287: subcellular location). This observation informs localisation, not an IF/ICC protocol for this IHC section. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No staining in a colon or small-intestine glandular-cell control. | The blank control disagrees with reported High staining (HPA: tissue IHC); a staining-run or detection failure is possible (general IHC practice). | Confirm tissue identity and glandular cells, then review the positive control, primary-antibody application, retrieval, and chromogen development (general IHC practice). |
| Only a crisp membrane outline is visible. | A membrane-dominant pattern is unexpected for cytoplasmic tissue staining and a protein without a transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue profile; UniProt Q13287: topology). | Compare cytoplasmic signal in a reported positive cell type and inspect the no-primary control for nonspecific outline staining (general IHC practice). |
| Chromogen covers cells and intervening tissue uniformly. | Diffuse deposition prevents cellular localisation and may reflect nonspecific staining or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). | Inspect no-primary and detection controls; adjust blocking or detection conditions, then rescore identifiable cells (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes or esophageal squamous cells stain strongly. | Both populations are Not detected in HPA tissue IHC; cross-reactivity or endogenous activity is possible (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Check no-primary and detection controls, then compare the suspect pattern with a reported positive glandular-cell control (general IHC practice; HPA: High in colon glandular cells). |
| Nuclear staining differs between samples. | NMI can localise to nuclei, with increased nuclear localisation following IFN-alpha treatment (UniProt Q13287: subcellular location); sample treatment is not established by staining alone. | Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately, compare like cell types, and check documented treatment conditions (general IHC practice). |
| Extracellular colour appears near macrophages. | Macrophage-secreted NMI is documented during injury or pathogen invasion (UniProt Q13287: function), but extracellular chromogen alone cannot establish that mechanism. | Inspect cell boundaries and background controls, and report extracellular signal separately from intracellular staining (general IHC practice). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing NMI staining
PB9340 · IHCIHC analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (PB9340). NMI was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human colon cancer tissue. Heat media
PB9340 · IHCIHC analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (PB9340). NMI was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue. Heat mediat
PB9340 · IFIF analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (PB9340). NMI was detected in immunocytochemical section of A431 cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval
M02768 · IHCIHC analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (M02768). NMI was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tissue. Heat mediat
M02768 · IHCIHC analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (M02768). NMI was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human colon cancer tissue. Heat media
M02768 · IFIF analysis of NMI using anti-NMI antibody (M02768). NMI was detected in immunocytochemical section of SiHa cells. Enzyme antigen retrieval
M02768-1 · IFImmunofluorescent analysis of 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed, 0.1% Triton X-100 permeabilized HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cell
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123609-NMI/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_2643892
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123609-NMI/tissue/colon#imid_2643818
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123609-NMI/tissue/liver#imid_2643819
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000123609-NMI/tissue/kidney#imid_2643804
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA008588; green = NMI, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody HPA008588; green = NMI, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for NMI IHC & IF
🧪Run colon first and expect staining in glandular cells (HPA: High in colon glandular cells). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the negative comparison (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the colon slide, non-glandular cells should show only background, though their NMI status is not established by the supplied HPA row.
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Glandular cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show NMI in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and rabbit isotype-matched immunoglobulin controls, plus NMI-knockout tissue or cells as a biological negative (selected IHC caption: rabbit primary antibody). In colon, check endogenous peroxidase and biotin background because the selected IHC caption uses a biotin-based detection system with DAB (selected IHC caption: SABC/DAB).
⚠️Feasibility: No target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is reported, and the PB9340 paraffin-section caption leaves the fixative unreported (selected IHC caption: fixative not stated). Start with heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, as reported for that section; retrieval dependency and whether frozen sections or IF/ICC are easier are unreported (selected IHC caption: EDTA retrieval). IF/ICC can help assess nucleoplasmic and cytosolic localization (HPA subcellular: nucleoplasm approved, cytosol supported); in colon, score glandular staining carefully against mucin and detection background (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; selected IHC caption: SABC/DAB).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for NMI
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. At least one protein variant secreted, tissue location of RNA and protein might differ and correlation is complex.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Rectum | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Ovarian stroma cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Soft tissue | Fibroblasts | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced NMI IHC Tips
Troubleshoot NMI staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment, controls, and cell-specific scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What retrieval conditions should I start with for NMI in paraffin sections?
Use heat-mediated EDTA antigen retrieval at pH 8.0 for paraffin-section NMI IHC (datasheet PB9340). The selected tissue image used that retrieval before 10% goat-serum blocking and 1 μg/ml catalog antibody overnight at 4°C (caption PB9340). If staining is weak, compare a controlled increase in heating time with the established condition while keeping section thickness, antibody concentration, and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Check whether stronger retrieval improves staining inside intact cells without increasing diffuse background or damaging tissue structure (standard IHC practice). Include a known staining reference section in each comparison, since a weak test section alone cannot distinguish poor retrieval from low target abundance (standard IHC practice).
How can I assess whether fixation is limiting NMI staining?
Target-specific NMI sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence; the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (caption PB9340). Record the actual fixative, fixation duration, tissue thickness, and processing history for each section before comparing signal across specimens (standard IHC practice). If an adequately processed reference section stains while a test section does not, compare fixation and retrieval histories before increasing the antibody concentration (standard IHC practice). Examine nuclear detail and tissue structure alongside staining, because damaged or unevenly processed areas can mislead chromogenic interpretation (standard IHC practice). Keep retrieval and detection conditions matched when testing fixation differences; the documented starting retrieval is EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9340; standard IHC practice).
Where should convincing NMI staining appear in tissue sections?
Expect predominantly cytoplasmic staining across many tissues, while allowing for nuclear signal in the appropriate biological context (HPA: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues; UniProt Q13287: cytoplasm and nucleus). NMI can occupy punctate cytoplasmic structures, and its nuclear localization increases after IFN-alpha treatment (UniProt Q13287; PubMed:10950963, PubMed:9781816). HPA reports high signal in colon glandular cells, making epithelial cell outlines and nuclei useful landmarks when assessing the selected colon cancer section (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; caption PB9340). Score cytoplasmic and nuclear staining separately, and compare each with adjacent morphology and a matched negative control (standard IHC practice). Extracellular staining needs particular caution because macrophage-released NMI is reported, but deposited chromogen alone cannot establish secretion (UniProt Q13287; PubMed:29038465; standard IHC practice).
Could epitope location or NMI variants explain discordant staining?
The supplied record lists a 307-residue NMI chain, no annotated isoforms, and no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q13287). It places NID 1 at residues 103–192, NID 2 at 201–292, and a modified serine at position 16 (UniProt Q13287). The supplied evidence does not identify the catalog antibody's epitope, so do not assign weak staining to a particular domain or modification (catalog antibody evidence; standard IHC interpretation). If two antibodies disagree, compare their documented immunogens and validate each on matched sections under its own recommended retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice). Review cellular compartment and morphology before invoking a variant explanation, since no NMI isoform is annotated in the supplied record (UniProt Q13287; standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate NMI localisation by IF alongside this IHC assay?
Use IF as a separate localisation check rather than treating this page's chromogenic conditions as an IF protocol (caption PB9340; standard IF practice). Multiplex NMI with a marker for the expected cell type, such as a glandular-cell marker when examining colon epithelium, and assess signal within that marker-defined population (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; standard IF practice). Choose a spectrally separated, preferably far-red fluorophore when tissue autofluorescence interferes, and include single-stain controls to check channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). Because NMI is reported in cytoplasm and nucleus and lacks a transmembrane segment, use permeabilisation appropriate for an intracellular epitope while consulting the antibody's stated epitope information (UniProt Q13287; standard IF practice). Compare punctate cytoplasmic and nuclear patterns with the IHC compartments, allowing for context-dependent nuclear localization (UniProt Q13287; PubMed:10950963, PubMed:9781816).
What should I check when NMI DAB staining is diffuse?
Start with a no-primary control and inspect whether DAB appears in the same locations as the putative NMI signal (standard IHC practice). The selected image used 10% goat-serum blocking, 1 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C, and biotin-based detection with DAB (caption PB9340). For that detection workflow, assess endogenous peroxidase activity and biotin-related background with appropriate controls before attributing diffuse color to NMI (caption PB9340; standard IHC practice). If controls are clean, adjust wash stringency or primary incubation systematically while retaining a matched reference section (standard IHC practice). Judge residual signal against cell boundaries and nuclei: broadly cytoplasmic NMI is plausible, whereas uniform staining across damaged edges or empty spaces needs further validation (HPA: cytoplasmic expression in most tissues; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify heterogeneous NMI staining across sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring; for example, assess colon glandular cells separately from other cells in the selected tissue context (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; caption PB9340; standard IHC practice). Record the percentage of positive cells and intensity by compartment, then calculate an H-score if ordinal intensity categories are reproducible (standard IHC practice). For spatially restricted populations, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable tissue or a prespecified region (standard IHC practice). Normalize counts to the corresponding eligible cell count or viable area, and apply the same threshold and exposure conditions across sections (standard IHC practice). Report nuclear and cytoplasmic scores separately because NMI localization can shift toward the nucleus after IFN-alpha treatment (UniProt Q13287; PubMed:10950963, PubMed:9781816).
How do I distinguish true NMI signal from staining artefacts?
Look for reproducible cellular staining in plausible compartments: HPA describes mainly cytoplasmic tissue expression, while UniProt also records nuclear and punctate cytoplasmic localization (HPA: tissue profile; UniProt Q13287). A stained colon glandular cell is plausible, but cell identity alone is insufficient because the HPA tissue assessment is Approved with low consistency against RNA data (HPA: High in colon glandular cells; HPA: reliability description). Compare a known staining reference and no-primary control, then inspect section edges, necrotic areas, and endogenous enzyme signal before calling a specimen positive (standard IHC practice). Treat extracellular deposits cautiously: macrophages can release NMI, yet DAB deposits cannot by themselves identify the source or prove secretion (UniProt Q13287; PubMed:29038465; standard IHC practice). Require a consistent cell-associated pattern across intact regions and replicate sections before assigning biological meaning to nuclear or extracellular staining (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best NMI / N-myc-interactor IHC Antibodies
Anti-NMI antibodies have paraffin-section IHC images from human colon and lung cancers and an IF image from HeLa cells (catalog image captions); M02768 also lists mouse and rat reactivity (catalog applications/reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-N myc interactor/NMI Antibody ®
Cat # PB9340
Real IHC data
Anti-NMI Antibody ® (monoclonal, 2F3)
Cat # M02768
Real IF data
Anti-NMI Antibody
Cat # M02768-1
PB9340 shows IHC staining in human colon cancer sections, and M02768 shows IHC staining in human lung cancer sections; both list IHC and IF/ICC applications (catalog image captions and applications). M02768-1 shows IF staining in fixed, permeabilized HeLa cells and lists IF, but not IHC, among its applications (catalog image caption and applications).
Which to pick: For human tissue IHC, choose PB9340 or M02768: each has its own paraffin-section image with EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and a 0.5–1 μg/ml IHC range; the IHC captions do not report the fixative (PB9340 and M02768 catalog image captions and dilutions). For IF/ICC, PB9340 and M02768 list both applications, while M02768-1 has a HeLa IF image and lists IF only (catalog applications and image captions). For mouse or rat samples, M02768 is the listed cross-species choice and is a mouse monoclonal; its pictured IHC validation is in human tissue, with fixative unreported (M02768 catalog reactivity, clone and IHC image caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q13287 (NMI_HUMAN, N-myc-interactor).
- Human Protein Atlas. NMI tissue IHC expression (reliability: Approved).
- Human Protein Atlas. NMI subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. NMI antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Downregulation of N-myc and STAT Interactor Protein Predicts Aggressive Tumor Behavior and Poor Prognosis in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Journal of breast cancer 2020 — PMC7043944.
- Downregulation of NMI promotes tumor growth and predicts poor prognosis in human lung adenocarcinomas. Molecular cancer 2017 — PMC5639741.
- Conditional knockout of N-Myc and STAT interactor disrupts normal mammary development and enhances metastatic ability of mammary tumors. Oncogene 2018 — PMC5921859.
- Targeting EMT using low-dose Teniposide by downregulating ZEB2-driven activation of RNA polymerase I in breast cancer. Cell death & disease 2024 — PMC11079014.
- PubMed PMID:8668343 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:19054851 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15815621 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for NMI (N-myc-interactor). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in tissue (HPA tissue IHC); nuclear localization is possible (UniProt). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9340). Validated IHC antibody: PB9340 at 0.5-1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Appendix (Glandular cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human colon cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9340); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9340); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9340); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9340); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-NMI, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PB9340); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9340). Watch for: Fixation: Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image PB9340); Caveat: Macrophage-secreted NMI may appear outside cells (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: No isoforms; the 1–307 chain can be intracellular or secreted (UniProt); Regulation: IFN-alpha increases nuclear localization (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q13287, HPA tissue IHC · Approved, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm and cytosol., Datasheet PB9340, PMC5639741, PMC5921859. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/NMI/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.