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- Table of Contents
56 Citations 9 Q&As
16 Citations 15 Q&As
18 Citations 4 Q&As
20 Citations
Facts about Macrosialin.
Rapid recirculation of CD68 from endosomes and lysosomes to the plasma membrane may allow macrophages to creep over selectin-bearing substrates or other tissues. .
Human | |
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Gene Name: | CD68 |
Uniprot: | P34810 |
Entrez: | 968 |
Belongs to: |
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LAMP family |
CD68 antigenmacrophage antigen CD68; CD68 molecule; CD68; DKFZp686M18236; gp110; Macrosialin; SCARD1; scavenger receptor class D, member 1; SRD1; SR-D1
Mass (kDA):
37.408 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 17p13.1 |
Sequence: | 17; NC_000017.11 (7579638..7582111) |
Highly expressed by blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. Also expressed in lymphocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Expressed in many tumor cell lines which could allow them to attach to selectins on vascular endothelium, facilitating their dissemination to secondary sites.
[Isoform Short]: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Isoform Long]: Endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Lysosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
CD68 is a transmembrane molecule found on human macrophages. It can be used in a variety of biological assays to detect the protein in different samples. Boster Bio uses both rabbit and mouse samples in the production of its CD68 antibodies. Although its function is still unknown, it is believed to play a role within the activity of phagocytic cells and metabolic processes within the intracellular lysosomal system, as well as extracellular cell-cell interactions, well as interactions with selectin-bearing substrats. In reality, it is possible that the rapid recrudescence of this protein could allow macrophages the ability to climb over selectin-bearing substrates.
The CD68 gene encodes a protein 110 kDa in size. It is an scavenger family , and is involved in phagocytosis and clearance of cells' debris. It is also a part of the lysosome associated membrane protein (LAMP) family, and primarily is located in lysosomes as well as endosomes. It also circulates on cell surfaces.
CD68 is very abundantly expressed on the surface of macrophages and monocytes, but it's not restricted to these cells. The marker can also be observed in non-hematopoietic cell types such as tumor stroma. An immunohistochemistry analysis is used to determine if the cell is a carrier of the CD68 gene. The CD68 gene is located on the chromosome 17p13.1 and is expressed in human blood, tissues, and cell lines.
This monoclonal antibody reacts with the human CD68 protein. It has been confirmed for use in IHC and WB applications. The Boster Bio Anti-CD68 Marker Monoclonal Antibody has been tested using rabbit, human as well as monkey samples. It also contains BSA, 0.05% thimerosal. Despite these advantages, it is important to note that the Boster Bio Anti-CD68 Marker Monoclonal Antibody is not immune-specific. For example, it is not effective in blocking tetracytokine.
CD68 is a transmembraning glycoprotein, highly expressed in human monocytes as well as macrophages of the tissue. However its transcripts are extremely rare or absent in hematopoetic cells and are induced by phorbol myristic acid. The extracellular domain of CD68 is composed of two regions that are separated by an extended proline hinge, a reduced version of its 3' intervening region, and 54 serine/threonine-containing residues. The sequence homology between the two regions is significant, and the proximal domain of CD68 has a significant degree of identity with the lamp 1 group members. In the study, CD68 was expressed on monocytes in the human body, and an antigen from Gaucher's cells was used as a positive control.
The heterogeneity of macrophage populations is a problem for qualitative and quantitative analysis. This is because different antibodies and molecular targets were used to stain TAMs. This heterogeneity could be partially explained by the fact that NSCLC published most of its IHC studies employing CD68 as a marker for macrophages in general.
Despite its high expression levels, CD68 is also found on a large percentage of lung tumour macrophages. Although CD68 was not utilized specifically for lung cancers, the findings suggest that lung tumors may contain some of these cells. Similar to lung cancers, cells with an underlying subset of CD163 or CD68 are common. Manual quantification is difficult as it is difficult to count and recognize macrophages stained with anti-CD68 Ab.
The CD68 marker is a protein expressed on a variety of cells, including macrophages. It plays a key role in the phagocytic action of macrophages in tissues, intracellular lysosomal metabolism, and extracellular cell-cell and cell pathogen interactions. It binds to lectins, and allows macrophages crawl over selected substrates, including other cells. The protein is easily removed from endosomes or lysosomes.
The CD68 marker is a heavily glycosylated protein , which is primarily expressed in monocytes and macrophages. The antibody detects CD68 in various cells, including tissue samples and dendritic cells. Boster Bio's anti-CD68 monoclonal antibody was developed for use in immunohistochemistry. All six antibodies were identified in CD68 when tested on a human cell line.
While UC is typically defined by diarrhea and bleeding however, the signs of CD may include abdominal pain, fatigue, and mucus in the stool. Both of these conditions can result in rectal inflammation. During a colonoscopy, the colon biopsy is not a diagnostic test in the majority of cases. Multiple biopsies are recommended to increase the accuracy of diagnosis. In approximately five percent of cases an alteration in the diagnosis of UC or CD occurs.
A light-emitting instrument known as a colonoscope can be used to evaluate symptoms of Crohn's disease. This test will show the rectum and ileum. Contrary to other x-ray imaging methods the body CT scan provides detailed images of the entire body. To be able to see more clearly the small intestine, the doctor can inject contrast material into the body of the patient. In many medical facilities CT enterography has replaced barium enema.
Although there is no specific cause of Crohn's disease, several factors have been implicated. Genetics, stress, diet and diet may all be factors. Other factors, like genetics and a dysfunctional immune system or genetics, may contribute to the. Dr. Mike Evans, the director of the Health Design Lab at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and a medical staff physician at St. Michael's Hospital, clarifies that genetics may not be the only reason for the illness.
CD68 is a glycoprotein that has molecular weights of 110 kDa. It is an scavenger family and plays a function in many biological processes, including the clearing of cellular debris and mediation of macrophage recruitment and activation. This molecule is also a member of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) family and typically localizes to the lysosome or endosome. It then circulates to cell surface.
CD68 is an LAMP-1 family and is frequently expressed in monocytes as well as macrophages with specific tissues. In reality, CD68 is recognized as an antigen by monoclonal antibodies, and its expression was shown to be associated with macrophage activation and the process of apoptosis. Furthermore, the CD68 promoter has been employed in the generation of transgenes that target the macrophage lineage.
Previous studies have demonstrated that CD68 aids in Ox-LDL uptake. However, it's not clear whether this scavenger receptor controls the uptake of bacteria. CD68-/macrophages bind and phagocytose unopsonized as well as opsonized S.aurus and exhibit an innate reaction that is normal. However, recent findings suggest that CD68 may play a part in the innate immune system and phagocytosis.
CD68 also negatively regulates DC antigen presentation to non-naive t-cells. This is consistent with the previous findings that CD68 negatively regulates DC antigen presentation. CD68 is also believed to negatively regulate MHC-II trafficking. Although this study isn't conclusive it does demonstrate that CD68 is vital for immune response.
CD68 is an transmembrane glycoprotein that's extensively expressed in tissue macrophages and human monocytes. It belongs to the lysosomal/endosomal-associated membrane glycoprotein (LESG) family and mainly resides in lysosomes and endosomes, with high surface expression. It can be bound to a variety of organ and tissue-specific lectins.
CD68 is an inflammatory biomarker for panmacrophages that is a lectin binding to the CD206 lectin. In tumors the majority of CD206 cells were macrophages with M2-like characteristics. When TRITC Man INP was used to detect tumor cells, it overlapped CD68, but was not as specific. To test its specificity tumor tissue sections were stained using anti-CD206 antibody as well as TRITC-Man.
CD68, a biomarker that targets macrophages with M2-like characteristics in the tumor tissue, is unique. It stops the growth of tumors by targeting CD206+ macrophages, which are M2-like. In addition, Boster Bio's CD68 marker binds to specific tissue lectins. Additionally the CD68 marker can be an effective tool to conduct clinical trials because it targets tumor cells.
PMID: 7680921 by Holness C.L., et al. Molecular cloning of CD68, a human macrophage marker related to lysosomal glycoproteins.
PMID: 9790779 by Jones E., et al. The linked human elongation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) and CD68 genes map to chromosome 17p13.
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