Cytochrome c, somatic Antibodies

Cytochrome c, somatic (Cycs)

Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase.

Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. .

Gene Information

Mouse
Gene Name:	Cycs
Uniprot:	P62897
Entrez:	13063

Family

Belongs to:
cytochrome c family

Alternative Names

CYCHCS; CYCS; Cytochrome c; cytochrome c, somatic; THC4

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
11.605 kDA

Genomic Context

Mouse
Location:	6 B2.3|6 24.32 cM
Sequence:	6;

Tissue Specificity

Found in embryos and in adult liver and heart.

Diseases

• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasms
• Fracture Of First Cervical Vertebra
• Tumor Angiogenesis
• Malignant Neoplasm Of Prostate
• Malignant Paraganglionic Neoplasm
• Prostatic Neoplasms
• Neoplasm Metastasis
• Intraepithelial Neoplasia
• Melanoma
• Neoplasms, Experimental
• Glioma

• Fechtner Syndrome (disorder)
• Neoplasm Invasiveness
• Epstein Syndrome (disorder)
• Carcinogenesis
• Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
• Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
• Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm To The Bone

Pathways

• Cell Proliferation
• Cell Cycle
• Platelet Formation
• Cell Death
• Cell Growth
• Angiogenesis
• Methylation
• Cell Differentiation

• Proteolysis
• Dna Methylation
• Pathogenesis

PTMs

• Methylation

Research Areas

• Apoptosis
• Cellular Markers
• Core ESC-Like Genes
• Lipid and Metabolism
• Mitochondrial Markers

• Stem Cell Markers

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/Cycs

Best Uses Of The CYCS Marker

The Cychrome cyanin (CYCS) subunit is the most suitable option if you are looking for the most efficient method to detect apoptosis within your experiments. CYCS is a protein found in mitochondria of aerobic cells, and it plays a role with the electron transport system. It has a molecular mass of 11,458 Da and is mapped at 7p15. Cytochrome C is essential in signaling cascades that precede or are related to apoptosis.

CYCS Marker

CYCS is a third marker used in research into cancer. It was discovered that the CYCS locus was elevated in tumors of organs with a solid structure, including gastric, ovarian, as well as liverobiliary tissues. It was first discovered in 1996. CYCS marker is normally reserved for unusual ovarian cancer clinical symptoms, like pelvic masses that do not have carcinomatosis. However, it can be found in asymptomatic, pre-invasive cancers of the cervical region.

The CYCS marker could be an instrument for screening the general public. The purpose of this kind of test is to identify cancer early which is treatable. It could also be an effective screening tool for prostate cancer, which is currently diagnosed by the Prostate Specific Antigen. There are many potential applications for the CYCS marker, and researchers are striving to make it as useful as they can for all types of cancer.

The detection of apoptosis

The detection of apoptoses is among of the most challenging aspects of cancer research. In the majority of cases, there isn't a method to identify the beginning stages of the cancer, however, there are a variety of methods that can confirm the early stages of the apoptosis process. Assays based on CYCS rely on the capability of the annexin V protein attach to membrane phospholipid PS which is visible on the surface of apoptotic cells in the early and mid-stages of the disease.

DNA fragmentation is visible in peripheral blood cells through flow cytometry. Flow Cytometry uses two dyes to detect DNA binding. The DAPI, PI, or 7 AAD can be used to stain DNA. Hoechst 334242is a different dye, can be used for distinguishing apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. However, flow cytometry can't be used instead of the use of a microscope. Using a microscope allows the observer to see the cell's shape and morphology, and to detect apoptosis much more precisely.

The Detection Reagent is added to cells at time zero and incubated for up 48 hours. Researchers can monitor the progression of secondary necrosis and apoptosis through recording the cells over time. The results obtained from this method are extremely reliable and help discover the causes of the disease. This method is particularly helpful in diagnosing cancer.

A CYCS marker can be used to detect apoptosis , and aid in the discovery of new cancer treatments. This method can also be used to determine an apoptotic cell in a fast and simple way. The method has some limitations, however, and isn't readily adaptable to high-throughput screening. It is crucial to select the most efficient screening method for large chemical libraries.

Detection of apoptoSIS using the CYCS marker involves the destruction of cells. The cells are then subjected to an TUNEL test to confirm DNA fragmentation. Next cells were then added at high density to a six-well plate. The cells were then cultured over night and then formed monolayers. After the cells had been incubated overnight, they were made monolayers by scratching the plate the tip of a sterilized. Once the cells were fixed, the apoptotic nuclei were stained with an ApopTag Peroxidase Kit. Additionally, proteinaseK was added to the samples.

Caspases are proteins that cause cells to die. The Caspases trigger cells to disintegrate by cleaving their protein substrates. These enzymes detect four to five amino acid sequences on their target substrate. The carbonyl end is where target cleavage occurs.

The primary antibodies used in this study were from the Abcam Company. Ab217326, ab76011 and ab32572 were the primary antibodies used in this study. Secondary antibodies were goat antirabbit IgG horseradish conjugated with oxidase. The results were confirmed with immunofluorescent staining as well as a cytotoxicity test. The CYCS marker is an excellent marker to confirm the early stages of apoptosis within human cancer cells.

Identification and analysis of apoptosis related protein

Cytochrome C is a marker that can be used to determine Apoptosis-related protein. It can be used for the detection of a variety of apoptosis related proteins. Detection of apoptosis-related proteins is a vital step in the study of apoptosis. Proteins of this type are commonly found in cells that undergo apoptosis.

The activation of caspases and cytochrome C release trigger the assembly of the apoptosome. The CYCS marker also interacts with cytochrome C. This binds to members of the Bcl-2 family, which can negatively or positively regulate the formation and assembly of the apoptosome. One-step immunoprecipitation can be utilized to identify active apoptosomes. Bio-Rad recommends AHP2302, a CYCS antibody from Bio-Rad, for this assay.

The Detection Reagent should be added to the cells at zero time. Cells are then kept incubated for 48 hour. A continuous recording can track the development of apoptosis, as well as secondary necrosis. It is vital that the detection agent doesn't only target one pathway. This could cause it to not be suitable for all models of apoptosis.

By using the CYCS marker it is possible to identify chemicals that cause apoptosis, and also their targets for interactions. A marker can be used to identify the protein that is associated with apoptosis in the chemical library. This is a cost-effective way to screen large quantities of chemicals. This marker can be utilized in numerous phenotypic screens campaigns.

CYCS mRNA levels were analyzed in a variety of tissues. They were significantly higher in the heart and spleen tissues, as well as in the muscles, gills, heart, and muscle. Researchers were able pinpoint the tissues containing the protein using the marker for CYCS the mRNA. They also were able to determine whether CYCS levels of mRNA vary with the tissue.

Ki-67 and p53 had higher levels of expression in KCOT compared to HCOT, suggesting that cells from KCOT had higher proliferation rates than the rest of the cell population. BCL2 (and BAX) were almost completely absent from KCOT. These findings suggest that reduced apoptosis could hinder spontaneous cell death and lead to the growth of tumors. The p63 protein is highly expressed in the basal and suprabasal layers. This suggests that KCOT originated in epithelial cells.

The Apoptotic pathway is believed involve an intrinsic mitochondrial mechanism that is responsible for the effects of the high fat diet on fish metabolism. Numerous full-length cDNA sequences that encode mitochondrial pathways to apoptosis have been taken and cloned. They shared high identity with orthologous vertebrate gene sequences, and varied based on the tissue.

Caspase-3 activity is a key indicator of the pathway that is apoptosis-related. It is an important marker of the point of no return for cells and the process of apoptosis. The activity of caspase-3/7 causes fragmentation of p89 and p24, and the inactivation PARP DNA damage repair. The enzyme has both apoptotic and non-apoptotic activities.