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- Table of Contents
Facts about Interleukin-32.
It activates typical cytokine signal pathways of NF-kappa-B and p38 MAPK. .
Human | |
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Gene Name: | IL32 |
Uniprot: | P24001 |
Entrez: | 9235 |
Belongs to: |
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No superfamily |
IL32; IL-32; IL-32alpha; IL-32beta; interleukin 32; interleukin-32 theta; interleukin-32; natural killer cell transcript 4; Natural killer cells protein 4; NK4; NK4IL-32delta; TAIF; TAIFa; TAIFb; TAIFc; TAIFd; TAIFIL-32gamma; Tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor
Mass (kDA):
26.676 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 16p13.3 |
Sequence: | 16; NC_000016.10 (3065403..3069530) |
Selectively expressed in lymphocytes. Expression is more prominent in immune cells than in non-immune cells.
Secreted.
IL32 is a gene located on chromosome 16p13.3. It can be expressed in multiple forms, each with different functions. This protein is originally isolated from activated natural killer cells and T cells. Although the leader sequence of isoform g is missing, it is otherwise identical. This protein has antitumor properties and is a good candidate for immune responses to tuberculosis.
IL32 is a potent mediator of protective immune responses against tuberculossis. It reduces proinflammatory and cytokine production, decreases number of cell-associated bacteria and enhances apoptosis. It also inhibits CASP3 activity. In addition, it decreases the number of bacteria in mice. IL32 could be used as a biomarker to monitor the protective immune response against tuberculosis.
Researchers have identified IL32 to be a potential marker for a protective immune response in the face of tuberculosis. It is a combination of three components. This biomarker is antimicrobial and can be used as a diagnostic marker. It can stimulate antimicrobial function and may be used as an anti-tuberculosis therapy in the future.
It has been also shown that IL-17 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis TB. Mtb-infected mice have IL-17 as well as IL-23 which are responsible for inducing hemostasis, neutrophils, and hemostasis. Together, they function dynamically to control TB-induced inflammation. In addition, IL-17 will act as a negotiator for MQs and initiate CXCL chemokines that carry IL-17 promoter elements.
Exosomes have been shown to play a diagnostic role in TB. Previous research has confirmed this. Recent studies have shown that BCG can stimulate the release of exosomes. This may affect the biomarker value of exosomes for diagnosing TB. These findings suggest that exosomes may play a crucial role in diagnosing the disease.
Other studies have implicated the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the pathogenesis of TB. Exosomes can contain miRNAs that protect them against degradation. Exosome-embedded MIRNAs may also be useful biomarkers to detect pulmonary infections. The authors have further examined the function of exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers of protective immune responses to tuberculosis.
IL32 (or human chromosome 16) is a protein. This study compared IL32 expression between patients with CRC to healthy controls. The results did not show significant differences in survival rates for patients with CRC or those with cancer-specific diseases. Previous studies have linked IL32 with inflammation-related and cancer-related diseases. Researchers hypothesized that SNPs could differentially regulate IL32 and have an impact on CRC risk. However, further study is needed to determine the exact biological function of selected SNPs in CRC.
IL32, an intracellular proinflammatory cytokine, is associated with tumor growth. It has been associated in various diseases and known to inhibit many tumors. The human chromosome 16p13.3 contains several isoforms. Interleukin-32 has also been associated with the expression CXCR1 and cyclooxygenase-2. TNFa and IL-6 expression were also examined.
IL32 is found on human chromosome 16p13.3. This gene comes in six forms. IL32 was isolated from activated t cells and natural killing cells. However, there are many functional variants. All four of them are expressed in blood, although it is unknown if they secreted or intracellularly. All exons can be found in IL32 Isoform g.
Interleukin32 is expressed in many human cancers. It has been linked with aggressive biology and poor prognosis. However, no unifying mechanism is yet known. It is currently a proinflammatory and cytokine. It has been linked to several types of tumors by its expression on humanchromosome 16,p13.3.
Transcriptional starting sites (TSS), regions in genes that signal the start of a transcriptional gene, are called transcriptional start sites. The double helix of human genes is made up of deoxyribonucleic (dRNA) and hydrogen bonds. These base pairs are called nucleotides and are used as templates to synthesize mRNA. The transcription start site can be identified by the subscript (+1).
RNA polymerase unwinds promoter DNA during gene transcription. This action selects a TSS. TSS selection occurs at different positions within the promoter region, depending on the promoter sequence and initiating-substrate concentration. Some researchers believe this selection is caused DNA'scrunching.
Scientists must be able distinguish the 5’ ends of RNA from those from other sources to identify a TSS. A TSS is distinguished by its 7-methyl guanosine cap structure. This cap structure adds an additional 7-methyl-guanosine residue the 5'-triphosphate that is transcribed using RNA polymerase 2. The position of the 5'-triphosphate on a polyacrylamide gel corresponds to the distance from the transcriptional start site to the radiolabelled primer. Capped messages may be enriched at transcriptional beginning sites.
These discoveries have shown that different DNA sequences cause RNA Polymerase to select different start sites for transcription. The distance between the two locations depends on which RNA polymerase is used and what the cell environment is like. Until recently, the precise mechanism behind RNA polymerase's selectiveness was unknown. Recent research suggests that differences between start sites could be due the size differences of the transcription balloon. RNA Polymerase can also increase this size by pulling additional DNA farther along the gene.
IL32 in humans is upregulated in active and latent TB. This is associated to a protective immune system response. This cytokine can be restored to normal levels by TB treatment. The activation of CD8+ T cell is associated with a protective immune response to TB. Multiple studies have shown CD8+ T cell activation is cytolytic. It can activate an antimicrobial immune response.
Despite numerous studies, little is known regarding IL-32’s role as a tuberculosis drug. However, transcriptional analyses of PBMCs from healthy individuals showed that there was a marked reduction in IL-32 mRNA levels in pulmonary TB patients, latent TB infections, and healthy controls. A study of Indonesian household contacts revealed that uninfected people had higher levels of IL-32 than infected.
A meta-analysis involving twelve datasets also identified genes with high levels of confidence in the differential regulation LTBI and active TB. These pathways were linked to immune-metabolic responses and metabolic transporters, as well as antimicrobial factor. Using these genes, clinicians can optimize the monitoring and treatment of TB. They also identify other factors that could help them pinpoint the underlying cause.
These clinical implications have important clinical implications for the application of cellular biomarkers in the differentiation of active and latent TB. These markers could be used to detect latent TB and monitor treatment effectiveness. Further research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms that protect against disease and to identify potential treatment targets. This is where IL32 comes in.
Human melanoma cell lines have a higher level of IL32. This gene is located on chromosome 16,p13.3 and can be expressed in six different splice variants. It was originally isolated in activated natural killer and T cells. It is non-secreted, and it does not have a leader sequence. The g isoform includes all the exons.
Human melanoma cells secrete a wide range of cytokines that are associated with the immune system. Researchers have determined that a significant proportion of these cells express the IL32 isoforms. These findings have implications in our understanding of IL32's role as a melanoma treatment. Here, we discuss how IL32 is up-regulated in melanoma cells.
We have identified a genetically defined melanoma cell line. Cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 1% l-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin-dextrome. The melanoma cell were then treated with 1000IU/mL IFNg or 1000IU/mL TNFa. To test this hypothesis we used M397 melanoma cell lines with 100 ng/mL IL32a.
These results suggest IL32 could play a role as a suppressor of tumour growth. Radiosensitivity was higher in ESCC cells expressing high-regulated IL-32. This could explain the high levels of IL-32 expression in melanoma. Despite being present in a wide range human cancers, IL32 protein expression is not associated with poorer prognosis.
PMID: 1729377 by Dahl C.A., et al. Identification of a novel gene expressed in activated natural killer cells and T cells.
PMID: 15664165 by Kim S.-H., et al. Interleukin-32: a cytokine and inducer of TNFalpha.