This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
SOX2 / Transcription factor SOX-2 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SOX2
Plan chromogenic SOX2 IHC in paraffin sections using the catalog antibody's documented workflow (datasheet M00105-1). Score nuclear staining by cell type: selected epithelia stain strongly, while brain glia show medium staining (HPA tissue IHC).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SOX2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear staining in selected tissue cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear signal in respiratory/squamous epithelia and brain glia (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M00105-1) | |
| Positive control | Bronchus+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Selected cell types stain; whole-tissue scores can mislead (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | High in selected epithelia; medium in glia (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Isoform / epitope | No annotated isoforms; one 1–317 chain (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SOX2 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet M00105-1). The published SOX2 IHC methods below cover tissue microarrays, vulvar lesions, and frozen pituitary sections (PMC5600089; PMC11640302; PMC6189570).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M00105-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M00105-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M00105-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M00105-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit monoclonal (clone BIO-19) anti-SOX2, 1:50-1:200 recommended; image 5 μg/ml (datasheet M00105-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M00105-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M00105-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SOX2-positive staining in respiratory epithelial cells of bronchus (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear expression in selected tissues and cell types, including glial cells in brain. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet M00105-1). The oesophageal tissue-microarray method instead used heated Tris buffer (PMC5600089).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SOX2 Staining Pattern?
SOX2 staining in paraffin-section IHC should be predominantly nuclear in selected cells, including respiratory and squamous epithelial cells and glia (HPA: tissue IHC). HPA rates the tissue pattern Enhanced, citing consistency with RNA expression (HPA: reliability). UniProt also lists nuclear speckles and cytoplasm, while describing SOX2 as a transcription factor without a transmembrane segment (UniProt P48431: subcellular location, function, topology).
| Strong, discrete nuclear staining in bronchial respiratory epithelium or esophageal squamous epithelium (HPA: High in both cell types). | This matches the reported tissue and compartment pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). Judge positivity in the named cells rather than across the entire section; HPA reports nuclear expression in selected tissues and cell types, with an Enhanced reliability rating (HPA: tissue IHC, reliability). |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic staining, with little or no nuclear staining, in an expected positive epithelium (HPA: nuclear tissue profile). | The compartment disagrees with the observed IHC pattern and warrants an artefact check (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation). Cytoplasmic localisation is listed by UniProt, including regulated delocalisation by similarity, so cytoplasmic signal alone cannot establish that an antibody is nonspecific (UniProt P48431: subcellular location). |
| Strong staining of adipocytes or marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA: Not detected in these cell types). | This conflicts with the sampled HPA cell-type patterns (HPA: tissue IHC). Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity, and inspect a control lacking primary antibody before assigning SOX2 positivity (general IHC practice). HPA's observation does not prove every cell in either tissue is negative (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse colour over nuclei, cytoplasm, and tissue-free areas (general IHC interpretation). | A widespread deposit cannot be scored as the selected-cell nuclear pattern reported for SOX2 (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation). Check the no-primary control, blocking, washing, and chromogen development to distinguish detection background from interpretable cellular staining (general IHC practice). |
| No nuclear signal in bronchial respiratory or esophageal squamous epithelium (HPA: High in these cell types). | The run has failed its expected-positive check if tissue and cells are identifiable (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). Review antibody suitability for IHC-P, retrieval, detection, and control performance before calling a study sample negative (general IHC practice). HPA provides a reference pattern, not a guarantee for every specimen (HPA: tissue IHC). |
💡Expected SOX2 appearanceCall a convincing positive result when selected respiratory or squamous epithelial cells show clear, predominantly nuclear signal, often high in bronchus or esophagus (HPA: tissue IHC); diffuse deposit or strong staining in HPA-negative cell types warrants a false-positive check (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation).
| Cell-type context (HPA: tissue IHC) | HPA reports High staining in bronchial and nasopharyngeal respiratory epithelium and esophageal and tonsillar squamous epithelium; glial cells in caudate and cerebral cortex, Bergmann glia in cerebellum, and cervical squamous cells are Medium (HPA: tissue IHC). Compare like cell types when selecting controls (general IHC practice). |
| Compartment and regulation (UniProt P48431; HPA: tissue IHC) | HPA's tissue pattern is nuclear, whereas UniProt lists nucleus, nuclear speckles, and cytoplasm and links acetylation state to localisation by similarity (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt P48431: subcellular location). Score the observed IHC compartment without treating every cytoplasmic pixel as proof of SOX2 (general IHC interpretation). |
| Antibody validation (HPA: antibodies) | HPA lists IHC Enhanced for HPA045725 and CAB079745, Supported for HPA071379, and no IHC status for HPA062851 (HPA: antibodies). Its tissue-level Enhanced rating describes agreement with RNA expression; validation attached to one antibody should not be transferred to another (HPA: reliability, antibodies; general IHC interpretation). |
| Processing and topology (UniProt P48431) | The annotated SOX2 chain spans residues 1–317, with no signal peptide, propeptide, or transmembrane segment and no annotated isoforms (UniProt P48431: processing, topology, isoforms). These annotations do not establish an antibody epitope or antigen-retrieval requirement (UniProt P48431; general IHC interpretation). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected-positive epithelium is blank (HPA: High in bronchus and esophagus). | Possible retrieval, antibody, or detection failure (general IHC practice); the payload gives no SOX2-specific retrieval condition. | Confirm the expected cells are present, then review the IHC-P antibody instructions, retrieval step, and detection controls (general IHC practice). Do not infer fixation sensitivity from HPA staining levels (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Nuclear staining is weak where HPA reports High staining (HPA: tissue IHC). | Assay sensitivity or variable specimen performance may limit the visible signal (general IHC practice); a specific cause is unproven. | Compare a concurrent expected-positive section and the same cell type; check the IHC-P antibody and detection steps before changing a scoring threshold (HPA: tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Cytoplasmic colour dominates an expected-positive cell population (HPA: nuclear tissue profile). | Background or compartment misassignment is possible (general IHC interpretation); UniProt also records cytoplasmic SOX2 localisation (UniProt P48431). | Inspect nuclear counterstain alignment and a no-primary control, then report the actual compartment separately from nuclear positivity (general IHC practice). |
| Unexpected cells stain strongly, including HPA-negative adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes). | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible (general IHC practice); HPA's reference is cell-type specific (HPA: tissue IHC). | Check a no-primary control and an expected-positive cell population; withhold a SOX2-positive call until the unexpected signal is resolved (general IHC practice). |
| Colour is diffuse across the section (general IHC interpretation). | Nonspecific detection or excess chromogen development may obscure nuclear boundaries (general IHC practice). | Review blocking, washing, and development with a no-primary control; score only cells with interpretable nuclear staining (general IHC practice; HPA: nuclear tissue profile). |
| What pattern should IF/ICC show? (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF) | HPA reports enhanced nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC-IF, while UniProt also lists nuclear speckles and cytoplasm (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; UniProt P48431). | Look for nucleoplasmic signal with a nuclear counterstain and assess controls (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; general IF practice). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for assay setup (application scope). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SOX2 staining
M00105-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SOX2 using anti-SOX2 antibody (M00105-1). SOX2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human cervical cancer tissue.
M00105-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SOX2 using anti-SOX2 antibody (M00105-1). SOX2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human tonsilitis tissue. Heat
M00105-1 · IFIF analysis of SOX2 using anti-SOX2 antibody (M00105-1). SOX2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human cervical cancer tissue. H
PA2284 · IHCIHC analysis of SOX2 using anti-SOX2 antibody (PA2284). SOX2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human laryngeal squamous cell ca
PA2284 · IHCIHC analysis of SOX2 using anti-SOX2 antibody (PA2284). SOX2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of mouse brain tissue. Heat mediate
A00105 · IHCImmunohistochemistry of SOX2 in mouse brain tissue with SOX2 Antibody at 5 μg/mL.
A00105 · IFImmunocytochemistry of SOX2 in 3T3 cells with SOX2 antibody at 5 μg/mL.
M00105-3 · IHCFormalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma tissue reacted with SOX2 Antibody , which was peroxidase-conjugated to the seconda
M00105-3 · IFFluorescent confocal image of SY5Y cells stained with SOX2 antibody. SY5Y cells were fixed with 4% PFA (20 min), permeabilized with Triton X
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181449-SOX2/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_20749240
HPA · EsophagusHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Esophagus. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181449-SOX2/tissue/esophagus#imid_20749212
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181449-SOX2/tissue/colon#imid_20749150
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000181449-SOX2/tissue/liver#imid_20749167
HPA · ICC-IF HEK293Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HEK293, antibody HPA045725; green = SOX2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HEK293Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HEK293, antibody HPA045725; green = SOX2, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SOX2 IHC & IF
🧪Run bronchus first: respiratory epithelial cells should show SOX2 staining (HPA: High in bronchus respiratory epithelial cells). Use adipose tissue as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the bronchus slide, morphologically distinct cells without nuclear signal can serve as internal negative references, but their SOX2 status must be checked rather than assumed.
Positive control tissue: Bronchus (Respiratory epithelial cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SOX2 in HEK293, U-251MG, U2OS, KOLF2.1J, with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (enhanced) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control and a concentration-matched rabbit immunoglobulin control appropriate to the primary antibody (selected-SKU caption: rabbit anti-SOX2), plus a verified SOX2-knockout biological negative. Block endogenous peroxidase and inspect the bronchus section for nonspecific DAB deposits before scoring nuclear signal (selected-SKU caption: HRP/DAB detection; UniProt P48431: nuclear localization).
⚠️Feasibility: The selected-SKU paraffin-section caption reports heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0, followed by 5 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (selected-SKU caption); it does not establish that retrieval is required. The fixative and a target-specific fixation window or fixation effect are unreported (selected-SKU caption: fixative not stated), and the supplied evidence does not establish whether frozen sections or IF would be easier. For bronchus, distinguish epithelial nuclear staining from luminal deposits when scoring (HPA: High in bronchus respiratory epithelial cells; UniProt P48431: nuclear localization).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SOX2
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Nasopharynx | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Squamous epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SOX2 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SOX2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, tissue context and controls before interpreting chromogenic signal.
What should I adjust if SOX2 nuclear staining is weak after retrieval?
Use heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet M00105-1). Keep the retrieval method consistent across control and study sections while assessing whether nuclei remain intact and interpretable (standard IHC practice). The selected tissue image used 5 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, providing a starting condition for checking whether weak signal persists after retrieval (datasheet M00105-1). If staining remains weak, compare a small, controlled range of retrieval heating times before considering another buffer, and inspect sections for tissue damage (standard IHC practice). Use a known SOX2-positive control alongside each comparison so changes in signal can be distinguished from run variation (HPA: high in esophageal squamous epithelial cells; standard IHC practice).
How should I investigate weak staining when fixation may have varied?
The selected paraffin-section image does not state its fixative, and target-specific SOX2 sensitivity to fixation is unknown from the supplied evidence (datasheet M00105-1). Record fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen before attributing a staining difference to the antibody (standard IHC practice). Compare sections processed under documented conditions in the same staining run, using the same retrieval, primary-antibody incubation and detection settings (standard IHC practice). The illustrated assay used EDTA at pH 8.0 and 5 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (datasheet M00105-1). Examine morphology and nuclear counterstain quality alongside signal; neither a weak result nor an HPA tissue pattern establishes a SOX2-specific fixation effect (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC profile).
Should I score cytoplasmic or speckled staining as SOX2 positive?
Score convincing nuclear staining first, because SOX2 is a transcription factor and HPA describes nuclear expression in selected tissues and cell types (UniProt P48431 function; HPA tissue IHC profile). Nucleoplasmic localisation has enhanced support in cell imaging, while UniProt also lists nuclear speckles and cytoplasm (HPA subcellular; UniProt P48431 subcellular location). Cytoplasmic delocalisation linked to deacetylation is annotated by similarity, so cytoplasmic DAB alone warrants caution rather than automatic biological interpretation (UniProt P48431 subcellular location). Compare the suspect pattern with nuclear staining in a documented positive control and check whether pigment, diffuse background or damaged cells explain it (standard IHC practice). Record nuclear and cytoplasmic observations separately, with the cell type and section region, rather than combining them into one positivity score (standard IHC practice).
Could epitope location or SOX2 variants explain discordant staining?
The supplied UniProt record annotates one SOX2 chain spanning residues 1–317 and 0 isoforms; this does not establish that biological variants cannot exist (UniProt P48431 processing and isoforms). SOX2 has no annotated transmembrane segment, so assess the staining as an intracellular target rather than expecting a membrane rim (UniProt P48431 topology; HPA subcellular). Methylated lysines at residues 42 and 117 and phosphorylated serine at 251 are recorded modifications, but the supplied evidence does not map this antibody's epitope (UniProt P48431 modified residues; datasheet M00105-1). Check the antibody's epitope documentation before attributing discordance to a modification or variant, then compare nuclear staining across matched sections and controls (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help assess an ambiguous SOX2 IHC pattern?
Use IF as an orthogonal localisation check when chromogenic signal is ambiguous, while interpreting the paraffin-section result against its own controls (standard IHC practice). Multiplex SOX2 with a validated marker for the expected cell type, such as glial cells in brain, and verify that each channel identifies the intended cells (HPA: nuclear expression includes glial cells; standard IF practice). Select fluorophores and imaging channels after examining tissue autofluorescence, and include single-channel controls to assess bleed-through (standard IF practice). SOX2 is intracellular and predominantly nuclear, so IF access requires permeabilisation appropriate for an intracellular epitope; the antibody's precise epitope is not supplied (UniProt P48431 topology; HPA subcellular; datasheet M00105-1). A matching nuclear pattern supports localisation, while IF intensity should not be substituted for a chromogenic IHC score (standard IHC/IF practice).
What should I check when DAB obscures nuclear SOX2 staining?
First distinguish nuclear reaction product from diffuse deposit, edge staining and pigment by reviewing section morphology and a no-primary control (standard IHC practice; HPA: SOX2 nuclear expression). The selected assay used 10% goat serum block, an HRP-conjugated secondary incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C, and DAB development (datasheet M00105-1). Check secondary-antibody compatibility and wash consistency, and include an endogenous peroxidase block when using HRP/DAB detection (standard IHC practice). If background persists, titrate primary-antibody concentration around the illustrated 5 μg/ml while keeping retrieval and development conditions matched (datasheet M00105-1; standard IHC practice). Judge improvements by preserved nuclear contrast in a positive control, not simply by a paler overall section (HPA tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify SOX2 across sections with different cellularity? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the analysed tissue compartment and cell type before scoring, since HPA reports different SOX2 levels among respiratory epithelial, squamous epithelial and glial cells (HPA tissue IHC profile). For nuclear IHC, record the percentage of positive eligible cells and, when intensity matters, an H-score based on nuclear staining intensity (standard IHC practice; HPA: nuclear expression). Normalise positive-cell counts to the number of eligible cells, or report positive-cell density per mm² of viable analysed tissue (standard IHC practice). Exclude necrotic regions and section edges using the same predefined rules across specimens, and keep retrieval and DAB development consistent between runs (standard IHC practice). Report the denominator, threshold and control performance with each comparison so shifts in tissue composition are not mistaken for altered SOX2 expression (standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish true SOX2 positivity from staining artefacts?
Prioritise crisp nuclear staining in plausible cells: HPA reports high expression in esophageal squamous epithelial cells and respiratory epithelial cells in bronchus (HPA tissue IHC profile). Treat isolated cytoplasmic staining cautiously because SOX2 is chiefly nuclear, although cytoplasmic localisation is also annotated (HPA subcellular; UniProt P48431 subcellular location). Compare the questioned cells with neighbouring morphology, a positive control and a no-primary control to identify nonspecific deposit or endogenous enzyme signal (standard IHC practice). Discount signal concentrated at section edges, in necrotic areas or outside the expected cell population unless it reproduces in well-preserved regions (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC profile). Document compartment and cell type separately; a brown deposit alone does not establish SOX2 expression (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best SOX2 / Transcription factor SOX-2 IHC Antibodies
Validated anti-SOX2 antibodies have IHC images from human tumors and mouse or rat brain, plus IF images from human tissue, mouse brain and cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-SOX2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M00105-1
Real IHC data
Anti-Transcription factor SOX-2 SOX2 Antibody ®
Cat # PA2284
Real IHC data
Anti-Transcription factor SOX-2 SOX2 Antibody
Cat # A00105
Real IHC data
Anti-SOX2 Antibody
Cat # M00105-3
M00105-1 has paraffin-section IHC images from human and mouse tissue and IF images from human paraffin sections; PA2284 has paraffin-section IHC images from human, mouse and rat tissue (catalog image captions). A00105 has a mouse brain IHC image and IF images from 3T3 cells and mouse brain; M00105-3 has an IHC image from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma and IF images from SY5Y and A549 cells (catalog image captions).
Which to pick: For human tissue IHC with documented fixation, choose mouse monoclonal M00105-3: its IHC image shows paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded lung carcinoma (catalog host, clone and IHC image caption). For IF/ICC, choose rabbit monoclonal M00105-1 when both applications are needed; its IF images use human paraffin sections, while its IHC captions describe paraffin sections without reporting the fixative (catalog applications, clone and image captions). For IHC across species, choose PA2284: its paraffin-section images cover human, mouse and rat tissue, and those captions do not report the fixative (catalog reactivity and IHC image captions). The selected M00105-1 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image M00105-1).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P48431 (SOX2_HUMAN, Transcription factor SOX-2).
- Human Protein Atlas. SOX2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. SOX2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. SOX2 antibody validation summary (4 antibodies).
- Loss of SRY-box2 (SOX2) expression and its impact on survival of patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The British journal of surgery 2017 — PMC5600089.
- Expression of CK17 and SOX2 in Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Comprehensive Analysis of 150 Vulvar Lesions. Cancers 2024 — PMC11640302.
- Value of cyclin A immunohistochemistry for cancer risk stratification in Barrett esophagus surveillance: A multicenter case-control study. Medicine 2016 — PMC5134871.
- Localization of SOX2-positive stem/progenitor cells in the anterior lobe of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) pituitary. The Journal of reproduction and development 2018 — PMC6189570.
- PubMed PMID:7849401 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12612584 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SOX2 (Transcription factor SOX-2). Expected localisation Nuclear staining in selected tissue cells (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M00105-1). Validated IHC antibody: M00105-1 at 1:50-1:200 recommended; image 5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bronchus (Respiratory epithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M00105-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M00105-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M00105-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M00105-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit monoclonal (clone BIO-19) anti-SOX2, 1:50-1:200 recommended; image 5 μg/ml (datasheet M00105-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M00105-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Selected cell types stain; whole-tissue scores can mislead (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: No annotated isoforms; one 1–317 chain (UniProt); Regulation: High in selected epithelia; medium in glia (HPA tissue IHC). Evidence: UniProt P48431, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA ICC-IF · nucleoplasm., Datasheet M00105-1, PMC5600089, PMC11640302. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SOX2/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.