ARAF Antibodies

Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf (ARAF)

Involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. May also regulate the TOR signaling cascade.

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Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	ARAF
Uniprot:	P10398
Entrez:	369

Family

Belongs to:
protein kinase superfamily

Alternative Names

ARaf; A-Raf; ARAF1A-RAF; EC 2.7.11; EC 2.7.11.1; Oncogene ARAF1; PKS; PKS2; PKS2A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; Proto-oncogene A-Raf; Proto-oncogene A-Raf-1; Proto-oncogene Pks; RAFA1; Ras-binding protein DA-Raf; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf; v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene homolog 1; v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene homolog

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
67.585 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	Xp11.3
Sequence:	X; NC_000023.11 (47561100..47571921)

Tissue Specificity

Predominantly in urogenital tissues.

Diseases

• Tuberculosis
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasms
• Carcinoma
• Salmonella Infections
• Melanoma
• Malignant Paraganglionic Neoplasm
• Thyroid Neoplasm
• Carcinoma, Papillary
• Colorectal Cancer
• Sclerosis
• Neoplasm Metastasis

• Coronary Heart Disease
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
• Infertility
• Sarcoma
• Injury To Kidney
• Braf Np_004324.2:p.v600e

Interacting Proteins

• ASS1
• BRAF
• COPS3
• CPS1
• EFEMP1

• HRAS
• HSP90AB1
• IRAK2
• IRF7
• MAP2K2

• NELFCD
• NUDT14
• PBK
• PKM
• PRPF6

• RABGGTB
• RRAS2
• SFN
• TIMM44
• TIMM50

• TIRAP
• YWHAE
• YWHAZ

Pathways

• Transport
• Methylation
• L-arabinose Transport
• Symport
• Chemotaxis
• Arabinose Transport
• Pathogenesis
• Cell Growth
• Fermentation
• Translation
• Cell Proliferation
• Metaphase
• Localization

• Cell Death
• Secretion
• Cell Adhesion
• Cell Migration
• Programmed Cell Death
• Protein Secretion
• Virulence

PTMs

• Methylation
• Reduction
• Phosphorylation
• Cleavage

• Glycosylation
• Acetylation
• Oxidation
• Biotinylation

• Ubiquitination

Research Areas

• Protein Kinase
• Signal Transduction

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/ARAF

Boster Bio - Best Uses Of The ARAF Marker

When you need a high affinity antibody for the ARAF Marker, you can rely on Boster Bio. This company provides high affinity primary antibodies that have been validated for use in Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Boster antibodies are highly effective and have been cited in numerous publications. Here are some examples of the best uses of these antibodies. Read on to find out more.

High-affinity primary antibodies

High-affinity primary antibodies are produced by the immune system from a variety of sources. During ongoing immune responses, the immune system constantly improves these Ab repertoires to recognize pathogens. In this study, we report the biological limits for repertoire diversification and Ag-driven affinity maturation. In two separate cohorts of adult volunteers, we observed that these Ab repertoires matured independently and similarly, with no significant differences in somatic mutations and binding rate constants after three booster vaccinations with tetanus toxoid. The Ab repertoires were similar in size, dynamic, and genetically diverse.

Flow cytometry is a method that has countless applications in science, including the diagnosis and treatment of various disease states. The technique involves the analysis of cells or particles by binding with an antibody. To facilitate this process, the Boster company produces high-affinity primary antibodies. These antibodies are monoclonal or polyclonal and have been widely cited in scientific journals for 25 years. They are used in diagnostic assays, research, and biomarker development.

The antigen-antibody complexes in a wide range of studies, including the detection of PfCSP, have been identified. Using this biochemical method, boster bio antibodies are highly specific and possess high affinity to the antigen. A boster bio high-affinity primary antibody is able to recognize recombinant PfCSP. These antibodies are designed for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assays.

In addition, the primary-secondary antibody system makes it possible to dual-label specimens. This allows scientists to ask more questions and gather additional contextual data. With dual-labeling, we can perform multiple experiments with the same specimens. This allows us to collect more data and build stronger answers. Ultimately, it is our objective to make research more efficient and useful for the medical field. And we are thrilled to provide this innovative technology to our customers.

The company's proprietary production process enables us to use highly specific monoclonal antibodies. This monoclonal antibody binds to specific epitopes, with low non-specific cross-reactivity and minimal lot-to-lot variation. Monoclonal antibodies are traditionally made in mice for various applications, but new techniques have allowed us to produce them against other species. They are now more accessible than ever before.

MERTK

The RAF pathway, including the ARAF and NTRK2 genes, has shown great promise in the treatment of prostate cancer. Because RAF is important for metastasis, MERTK and NTRK2 may represent key therapeutic targets. However, the RAF pathway is not the only potential target for cancer therapies. There are other, less-studied targets, such as NTRK2 and MERTK.

The RAF family members, CRAF, BRAF, and EGFR, have been selected for this screen based on sequence similarity, which may lead to common substrates. Furthermore, the family members are relevant to metastatic prostate cancer. Other RAF members that were added to the screen were MERTK, NTRK2, and NTRK, which are known for their role in metastasis of lung cancer and glioblastoma.

The RAF family members, CRAF, and NTRK2, were highly active in lung metastasis, while cells overexpressing MERTK showed no such behavior. This means that the ARAF family members play a critical role in metastasis. Moreover, the RAF family members are involved in the invasion of lymph nodes and metastasis. This finding suggests that cancer cells overexpressing these kinases are more likely to invade other organs.

Currently, RAF family members are widely used therapeutic targets in several cancers. Although RAF gene expression is rare in the prostate, wild-type kinases may also play a key role in the progression of prostate cancer. Using phosphoproteomics and gene expression databases, researchers identified 125 wild-type kinases implicated in the progression of human prostate cancer. Among them, the RAF family members accounted for more than half of the bone metastasis. MERTK and NTRK2 were used to screen for metastasis to the viscer.

NTRK2

The ARAF gene is one of the most widely expressed proteins in humans, and its overexpression is associated with several forms of cancer. In this study, a team of researchers identified ARAF-positive cells in lung cancer, as well as their corresponding biomarkers. These samples were tested using PET/CT imaging. In the case of the CRAF-expressing RWPE-1 cells, the animals did not experience lung metastasis, but did develop hind leg weakness. The mice injected with CRAF-expressing cells first showed symptoms one to two mo after the injection. Six mo later, they developed hind leg weakness, and the signal was detected in hind legs. The authors used three biological replicates for five kinases.

Although the mechanism by which RAF family members promote tumorigenesis is unknown, ARAF has been implicated in metastasis. The dimerization of CRAF induces ERK/MAPK pathway activation, leading to autocrine secretion of TGF-b. Although this pathway is largely responsible for prostate cancer bone metastasis, it is not known whether ARAF plays a role in the process.

The RAF family members drive bone and visceral metastasis. The RAF gene family members are therapeutic targets in multiple cancers. Although genetically altered kinases are uncommon in prostate cancer, wild-type kinases may play a role in progression. Using gene expression databases and phosphoproteomics, the researchers identified 125 wild-type kinases implicated in prostate cancer metastasis. They determined that RAF was responsible for bone metastasis, while MERTK and NTRK2 were responsible for viscer metastasis.

As a candidate for targeted therapies, BRAF, CRAF and NTRK2 have been identified as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. The RAF family is relevant to metastatic prostate cancer in humans. Furthermore, NTRK2 and MERTK were added based on their roles in lung and melanoma metastasis. Finally, ARAF was found to be an essential pathway in cancer metastasis, and this pathway may have therapeutic value in the future.