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15 Citations 7 Q&As
Facts about Interleukin-21.
May play a role in proliferation and maturation of natural killer (NK) cells in synergy with IL15. May regulate proliferation of mature B- and T-cells in response to activating stimuli.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | IL21 |
Uniprot: | Q9HBE4 |
Entrez: | 59067 |
Belongs to: |
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IL-15/IL-21 family |
CVID11; IL21; IL-21; IL-21Za11interleukin-21; interleukin 21; interleukin-21 isoform; Za11
Mass (kDA):
18.653 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 4q27 |
Sequence: | 4; NC_000004.12 (122610108..122621066, complement) |
Expressed in activated CD4-positive T-cells but not in CD8-positive T-cells, B-cells, or monocytes.
Secreted.
T cells produce IL21, a type of cytokine. Its role is to inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. This article will explore the many uses of IL21 in the body. This article will help you determine which IL21 antibodies are most effective for your study. Many clinical trials use the IL21 marker.
IL-21, a signaling molecule important in cancer, promotes T cell maturation and their cytotoxic activity. It also stimulates the production IFN-g as well as perforin by NK cells. IL-21 promotes cytolytic activities in NK cells and inhibits melanoma growth. It increases the number, function, and activity of antigen–specific CD8 +T cells, leading to tumor regression.
Although IL-21 is a vital component of the immune response, its functions remain elusive. It may play a part in the development graft-versus–host disease and autoimmunity. Although research on IL-21 is still ongoing, it is being investigated for its potential as a cancer treatment. IL-21 is also believed to play a crucial role in the development graft-versus host disease. Future clinical trials could test adjuvants that block IL-21.
The immune systems produces IL-21, a type II molecule. Numerous studies have shown that this cytokine plays an essential role in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and systemic lupus. IL-21 is also anti-tumour. This is an exciting area of study. What are the advantages of IL-21?
T cell development plays a key role in IL-7. It stimulates B cell production of immunoglobulins, which is important for developing regulatory T cells and peripheral tolerance. It regulates the proliferation and activation of activated T cells. It is also responsible for the development of T helper2 cells and plays an important role in allergy and immunoglobulin classification switching.
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a key cytokine, is produced by T cells. It has multiple functions, including costimulation of CD8+ T cells, activation of NKT cells, blocking the generation of regulatory T cells, and suppressing T-cell proliferation. It also suppresses cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, reduces allergen-specific IgE production, and inhibits mast cell granulation.
It is a critical component of CIA development. It is also essential for the production and maintenance of pathogenic antibodies. IL-21 signals to the T cells to activate the corresponding signaling pathways. This study provides basic insights into the biological actions of IL-21 and its signaling pathways. It also provides the basis for clinical evaluation. It allows for a better understanding and application of IL-21 signaling in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
It has been demonstrated that IL-21 plays an important role in antiviral immune system. It is produced when chronic LCMV infection occurs by CD4 + T cell. It is essential for CD8 + T cells to expand and produces IFN, TNF-a and IL-2. Mice lacking IL-21 have a markedly decreased CD8+ T cell clone growth and persistently high viral titers. IL-21 not only increases CD8+ T-cell activity but also suppresses Treg cell expansion.
CD8+T cells can become exhausted when antigenic stimulation is maintained. This is characterized by multiple inhibitory receptors, including CD43 (1B11 isoform), and functional unresponsiveness. CD8+ T cells cannot produce enough IL-21 to combat the effects of BCG infections. T cells became exhausted by the BCG-induced immune response in mice lacking IL-21.
T cells make IL21, a growth factors. Its biological activities range from the regulation NK and macrophages, to the promotion antibody and B cells responses. This review will focus on IL-21's many functions in T cell differentiation. We will be discussing the benefits of IL-21 inhibiting T cell differentiation. This study provides preliminary data on the effectiveness of IL-21 inhibitors.
Tfh cells develop slower if IL-21 does not get produced. The Tfh cells' ability to produce GC is affected if the population of these cells is decreased. TCR signals with stronger strength can partially rescue IL-21-dependent Tfh cell growth. This study demonstrates how important IL-21 inhibitors are in T-cell development. There is increasing evidence that Tfr cell's role in suppressing GC expand is not due to IL-21.
IL-21 inhibits the proliferation of T cells by suppressing PD-L1. It also inhibits Wnt/b–catenin, which is involved in the growth of cancer-cells. The antitumor effects that IL-21 has on various forms of cancer are especially beneficial. Although the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-21 are still unknown, the results look promising.
It is well understood that IL21 plays a role in T cell differentiation. This protein is responsible in part for the regulation of several key pathways such as p38 MAPK (p38 kinase) and STAT3. It also modulates the expression of many genes involved in T-cell differentiation. IL21 also inhibits activation of STAT3, which is involved with regulation of the secretion cytokine IL-17.
Long-term humoral immune system is dependent on the interaction of T and B cells in germinal centers. These cells help B cells and influence their survival and somatic hypermutation. These interactions require continuous contact between T cells and their B cells. The enzyme Sh2d1a is involved in regulating the duration of these interactions between Tfh cells and B cells. SAP is essential to long-term humoral immunology in animals and humans.
T helper 17 and Natural Killer cells produce IL21, a 17 kDa immunomodulatory cytokine. IL-21 expression causes autocrine signaling via IL-21R, and transcriptional activation (Bcl6). IL21 is required for the development and maintenance of T helper cells (TFHs), stimulates IgG expression, and induces apoptotosis of naive B cell.
Interleukin-21 regulates innate as well as specific immune responses. It regulates the proliferation and function of T cells and natural killer T cells. It also stimulates B-cell survival and proliferation and mediates adverse regulatory effects in lymphoid tissues. Its antitumor properties make it a promising candidate in immunotherapy. Here are the latest findings.
IL-21 is a critical cytokine in cancer treatment. It promotes proliferation in HL tumor cells and induces prosurvival signs in B cells. It was detected in the bone marrow microenvironment in patients with Waldenstrom Marrowglobulinemia (WM), a condition that causes elevated serum IgM levels and lymphoplasmacytic cells in the bone marrow. IL-21 is also involved in the proliferation of WM tumor cells and inducing apoptosis in a contextual manner. Moreover, IL-21 is involved in class switch recombination and optimal plasma cell differentiation.
Activated CD4+ and NKT cell activated CD4+ cells produce IL-21. IL-21 receptors also exist in activated B and natural killer cell T cells. IL-21 is involved in multiple functions of the immune system, including regulation of cell activity and immunomodulation. IL-21 plays a significant part in inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. We can better understand the function of immune cells by analysing them.
Antibodies to the IL-21 cytokine are valuable therapeutics that reduce pathological effects in inflammatory diseases. Antibodies that IL-21 are effective in reducing the symptoms of skin and mucosal allergies as well as inflammatory skin diseases. This marker is able to detect anti-IL-21 antibody and can be used as a therapeutic marker. Multiple clinical trials are being conducted to validate the BosterBio IL21 mark.
The IL21 antibody was created using a peptide derived from murine IL-21. The peptide sequence containing serine includes several human IL-21 sequence elements, which are essential for the ligand activation of IL-21. The sequence is CDSYEKKPPKEFLERFKSLLQKMIHQHLSamide and SEQ ID NO: 4.
The anti-IL21 antibody is fused to a tag polypeptide containing an epitope defined as a portion of the IL-21 polypeptide. The epitope must be unique and concise enough to not interfere in the anti-IL-21 activity. A suitable tag should contain between eight and fifty amino acids. Flu HA tag polypeptide is 12CA5 antibody.
PMID: 11081504 by Parrish-Novak J., et al. Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function.
PMID: 17673207 by Rahman M., et al. Cloning and characterization of an isoform of interleukin-21.
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