Apolipoprotein E Antibodies

Apolipoprotein E (APOE)

Mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles. It can serve as a ligand for the LDL (apo B/E) receptor and for the specific apo-E receptor (chylomicron remnant) of hepatic tissues.

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Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	APOE
Uniprot:	P02649
Entrez:	348

Family

Belongs to:
apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family

Alternative Names

APOE; Apo-E; Apolipoprotein E; apolipoprotein E3; late onset); MGC1571

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
36.154 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	19q13.32
Sequence:	19; NC_000019.10 (44905796..44909395)

Tissue Specificity

Occurs in all lipoprotein fractions in plasma. It constitutes 10-20% of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and 1-2% of high density lipoproteins (HDL). APOE is produced in most organs. Significant quantities are produced in liver, brain, spleen, lung, adrenal, ovary, kidney and muscle.

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted. Secreted, extracellular space. Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix. In the plasma, APOE is associated with chylomicrons, chylomicrons remnants, VLDL, LDL and HDL lipoproteins (PubMed:1911868, PubMed:8340399). Lipid poor oligomeric APOE is associated with the extracellular matrix in a calcium- and heparan-sulfate proteoglycans-dependent manner (PubMed:9488694). Lipidation induces the release from the extracellular matrix (PubMed:9488694).

Diseases

• Alzheimer's Disease
• Dementia
• Impaired Cognition
• Cognition Disorders
• Atherosclerosis
• Mild Cognitive Disorder
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Vascular Diseases
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Heart Diseases
• Depressive Disorder

• Hypertensive Disease
• Atrophy
• Inflammation
• Neurofibrillary Tangles
• Dental Plaque
• Dysequilibrium Syndrome
• Coronary Heart Disease

Interacting Proteins

• APP
• CDC37
• ECSIT
• HP
• LDLR

• LRP1
• LRP8
• MAPT
• PDCD4
• ST13

• TMCC2
• TREM2

Pathways

• Pathogenesis
• Aging
• Cognition
• Transport
• Lipid Transport
• Secretion
• Immune Response
• Cholesterol Efflux
• Inflammatory Response
• Cell Adhesion
• Localization
• Cholesterol Transport
• Menopause

• Cell Death
• Cholesterol Homeostasis
• Cell Proliferation
• Innate Immune Response
• Response To Statin
• Regeneration
• Segmentation

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Cleavage
• Oxidation
• Glycosylation
• Methylation
• Nitration

• Reduction
• Dephosphorylation
• Hydroxylation
• Amination
• Acetylation
• Ubiquitination

Research Areas

• Alzheimers Research
• Apoptosis
• Cognition and Behavior
• Lipid and Metabolism
• Neurodegeneration

• Neuronal Cell Markers
• Neuroscience
• Signal Transduction

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/APOE

Best Uses of the APOE Marker

The APOE marker is a key factor in the development of many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and heart disease. Whether your study focuses on the prevalence of APOE gene mutations or the role of the APOE in aging, the APOE marker has many applications. The results of this assay are used in numerous research studies and applications, from applications for blood samples to the study of amyloid pathology.

Flow cytometry

Flow cytometry using the APoE marker was performed by staining cells with one of three antibodies: a combination of all three or one specific antibody. Data were analyzed using FlowLogic software. The data were then compared to an internal standard. These are two different approaches to identify APOE. In both, the APoE marker is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells (HSPCs) in the G2M phase of the cell cycle.

The APOE marker is present on the surface of cells and on the cytoplasmic membrane of adipose tissue. Its removal increases cell surface cholesterol content and CBS staining. This enhances signaling through the ERK1/2 and STAT5 pathways. It also increases the formation of lipid rafts. In addition, flow cytometry using the APOE marker can identify the presence of beta-smooth muscle cells (HSPCs) and monocytes, which are important in cardiovascular disease.

To perform APOE cell-free flow cytometry, astrocytes secreted ApoE are attached to Dynabeads. These cells are incubated with the corresponding synthetic Ab (6E10-650), and the samples are analyzed four hours later. ApoE isoforms E2 and E3 interact more strongly with the corresponding Ab than with each other. This is because astrocyte-secreted ApoE is more active in interacting with Ab42 than with the latter.

ApoE knockout mice, which are heterozygous for the APP Swedish mutation, are overexpressed with APP under the PrP promoter. They were bred with littermate female mice and analyzed in vitro. Primary neuronal cultures were established on embryonic day 16 in glass-bottom dishes. These were then cultured for fourteen days. The concentration of the Ab and ApoE in the cultured neurons was determined using a commercial ELISA kit.

In mice, the APoE gene is mutated in both the hematopoietic system and in the spleen. Apoe-/ mice display a marked increase in the number of HSPCs and CMPs and an increased proportion of EdU-positive cells. Furthermore, Apoe-/ mice exhibit reduced rHDL cholesterol levels. The findings were confirmed in a further study with Apoe-/ mice.

Anti-Bcl-2 antibody

The Boster Bio Anti-Bcl-2 polyclonal antibody reacts with Human. It can be stored at -20°C for one year or at 4°C for one month. This antibody contains a human protein derived from E. coli. To increase the specificity, you can purchase blocking peptide. Depending on the immunogen length, blocking peptides may cost more or less than the antibody.

This antibody has been validated against human aorta tissues by immunohistochemical staining. The samples were prepared using an antigen retrieval solution containing 3% H2O2 for 25 minutes. Then, the lysates were treated with primary antibodies. The secondary antibodies were applied for another 20 min at room temperature. The final slides were then stained with hematoxylin.

Blood ApoE e 4 genotype positivity

The blood ApoE e 4 genotype is a highly relevant biomarker of amyloid pathology. It should be considered for the diagnosis of AD and pre-treatment biological testing when anti-amyloid drugs are available. However, the role of this test is not yet clear. Its cost-effectiveness should be analyzed. This test is available in both commercial and government laboratories.

The study results showed that APOE e4 genotype is associated with a four-fold risk of death after infection from COVID-19. However, the same result was not observed for APOE e3e4-positive subjects. Therefore, it is unclear whether the association is caused by the APOE genotype. However, it is important to note that the association between APOE genotype and mortality may be masked by factors that are unrelated to COVID-19.

While APOE is important in modulating several aspects of the innate immune system, e4 exacerbates these effects by increasing plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. COVID-19 infection leads to an aberrant immune response and inflammation. The association between the e4 and COVID-19 genotype and severity of COVID-19 infection was confirmed by Kuo et al.

Amyloid pathology

The role of the APOE marker in amyloid pathology is debated. Recent studies suggest that APOE mimetics can alter lipid metabolism and reduce phosphorylated tau levels in the brain. These mimetics have also shown improvement in memory in transgenic mice with CVND-AD, but were ineffective in APOE4-TR mice. Boster Bio's CN-105 is derived from the receptor-binding region of APOE. It has successfully completed a Phase I clinical trial in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

While the role of the APOE marker in amyloid pathology remains unclear, it is a useful biomarker for identifying new therapies to combat amyloid deposits. A hypolipidation state of APOE4 may be sufficient to alleviate AD-like pathologies, but other therapies may be required to target the specific causes of amyloid oligomers.

The APOE e 4 allele is implicated in Ab deposition and in the formation of amyloid plaques. With recent advancements in neuroimaging technology, researchers have been able to assess the relationship between the ApoE e4 gene and amyloid PET imaging. This review will summarize recent studies to date regarding the use of APOE e 4 in amyloid pathology.

In addition to the APOE gene, APOE4 has an indirect effect on microglia. APOE4 is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in culture, and this may be a consequence of the differential extent of amyloid pathology. However, further studies must be conducted to examine the exact mechanisms involved in this relationship. In the meantime, the APOE gene is an essential gene for studying the pathology of amyloid.

In addition to its role in preventing amyloid deposition in the brain, ApoE e 4 is also associated with lower CSF beta-amyloid. From a qualitative perspective, ApoE e 4 genotype positivity almost matches that of brain amyloid positivity. Further research should explore the dose-effect relationship between ApoE e 4 and amyloid neuropathology to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Boster Bio's anti-beta Amyloid/APP antibody is part of its Picoband(tm) product catalog. It reacts with mouse, human, and rat samples. Additionally, Boster's gene search feature allows users to easily find a specific gene of interest. These antibodies are highly useful for determining the genetic basis of amyloid pathology.