CDK2 / Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 · IHC design guide

Design Immunohistochemistry for CDK2

Plan CDK2 staining in paraffin sections using nuclear staining in selected cell populations as the tissue reference (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers fixation, antibody selection and interpretation of chromogenic IHC results.

Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for CDK2 (IHC for CDK2): expected localisation Nuclear staining in cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC), antibody M00166-4, validated IHC image, and IHC protocol steps
Printable CDK2 IHC protocol sheet — expected localisation Nuclear staining in cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC), antibody M00166-4, controls and protocol steps. Open the full CDK2 IHC guide →

CDK2 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide

Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.

Must know before staining
Expected localisation Nuclear staining in cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC)
Staining pattern Nuclear subsets in gut, squamous, germinal and seminiferous cells (HPA tissue IHC)
Antigen retrieval EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M00166-4)
Positive control ⓘ Appendix+4 more · see all
Negative control ⓘ Adipose tissue+4 more · see all
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
Fixation Keep formalin fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific)
Caveat Staining is confined to cell subsets, even within positive tissues (HPA tissue IHC)
Regulation Expression regulation is unreported (UniProt)
Isoform / epitope Two isoforms; epitope differences are unspecified (UniProt)
Section 1

Recommended CDK2 IHC & IF Protocols

Compare the catalog antibody's IHC-P protocol (datasheet M00166-4) with three published CDK2 immunohistochemistry protocols (PMC2816830; PMC3441142; PMC2668819).

Recommended immunohistochemistry (IHC-P) protocol parameters
SampleParaffin-embedded human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M00166-4)
FixationImage fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M00166-4); verify before use.
Sectioning4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard)
DeparaffinisationXylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard)
Antigen retrievalHeat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M00166-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard)
Peroxidase block3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard)
Blocking10% goat serum (datasheet M00166-4)
Primary antibodyMouse monoclonal (clone 6D5B5) anti-CDK2, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M00166-4)
Primary incubationOvernight at 4 °C (datasheet M00166-4)
DetectionHRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M00166-4)
CounterstainHematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard)
Expected resultCDK2-positive staining in lymphoid tissue of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear expression in subsets of cells in the intestinal tract and squamous epithelia, cells in germinal centers and seminiferous ducts. No signal in the no-primary control.
💡Decision noteStart with heat retrieval in EDTA pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet M00166-4). Published citrate and Tris conditions offer alternatives for protocol optimization (PMC2668819; PMC3441142).
Section 2

What Is the Expected CDK2 Staining Pattern?

CDK2 staining in paraffin sections should be predominantly nuclear in subsets of intestinal and squamous epithelial cells, germinal center cells, and cells in seminiferous ducts (HPA: tissue IHC profile). HPA rates the tissue IHC evidence Enhanced, with medium consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability). CDK2 has no transmembrane segment; UniProt also places it in the cytoplasm and centrosome (UniProt P24941: topology and subcellular location).

What am I looking at on my slide?
Distinct nuclear staining in some duodenal glandular cells, esophageal squamous cells, or lymph node germinal center cells.This fits the reported distribution; each listed cell population has Medium staining (HPA: tissue IHC). Score the stained cell population and nuclear compartment, rather than calling the whole section uniformly positive.
Staining is exclusively extracellular or forms a broad membrane rim, with no convincing nuclear signal.This does not fit the nuclear tissue IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Review it as possible artefact before scoring; CDK2 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P24941: topology).
Strong staining appears in adipocytes or lung alveolar cells while the expected positive cells are unstained.Those cell populations were Not detected in the supplied tissue profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic detection activity; neither can be diagnosed from appearance alone.
Diffuse chromogen covers nuclei, cytoplasm, and tissue spaces without clear cell boundaries.This is unsuitable for compartment scoring. General IHC practice: inspect no-primary controls for detection background and reassess blocking, washing, antibody concentration, and chromogen development.
No staining appears in a known-positive section, such as lymph node germinal center cells.A negative result conflicts with the reported Medium signal in those cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Check control performance and section quality before interpreting the test section as CDK2-negative.
💡Expected CDK2 appearanceCall a positive result when a subset of the reported cells shows discernible, predominantly nuclear chromogen, often at a Medium staining level (HPA: tissue IHC); diffuse tissue-wide color or isolated extracellular deposits do not match that pattern.
How each factor affects the staining
Tissue and cell selectionHPA reports Medium staining in duodenal glandular, esophageal squamous, and lymph node germinal center cells, but Low staining in placental cytotrophoblasts (HPA: tissue IHC). Choose the control cell population deliberately.
Compartment and cell cycleUniProt lists nuclear, cytoplasmic, and centrosomal locations and places CDK2 at separated centrosomes in late G2 (UniProt P24941: subcellular location). The supplied paraffin tissue profile describes nuclear staining in subsets (HPA: tissue IHC).
Antibody validationCAB013115 has Enhanced IHC validation, while HPA066915 has Enhanced ICC validation (HPA: antibody validation). The tissue profile's Enhanced rating comes with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: reliability); these ratings do not validate every observed deposit.
Antigen retrieval and epitopeNo CDK2-specific retrieval condition or antibody epitope is supplied. General IHC practice: use a documented paraffin-section method and compare retrieval conditions with the same positive control before interpreting a weak result.
Q: What should IF/ICC show?A: HPA reports mainly nucleoplasmic signal, with supported centrosomal localization; its plasma membrane assignment is uncertain (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application.
Why is my staining missing, weak or wrong?
SituationLikely causeNext action
A reported Medium-positive cell population has no nuclear signal.The run may have failed, or the sampled section may contain too few relevant cells; HPA reports staining in subsets (HPA: tissue IHC).Confirm the expected cells are present, inspect the positive control, then review antibody dilution, retrieval, and detection using the documented IHC method (general IHC practice).
Adipocytes and alveolar cells stain as strongly as the chosen positive control.These populations are Not detected in the supplied profile (HPA: tissue IHC); cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible.Compare matched no-primary controls and cell boundaries, then reassess detection blocking and antibody concentration before assigning CDK2 positivity (general IHC practice).
Only diffuse cytoplasmic staining is visible.The tissue IHC profile emphasizes nuclear subsets (HPA: tissue IHC), although UniProt also lists cytoplasmic CDK2 (UniProt P24941: subcellular location).Check whether nuclei in a reported positive population stain and whether the no-primary control is clean; report unresolved compartment discordance rather than calling it specific.
Uniform brown haze obscures nuclear borders.Background from the staining workflow can prevent localization; the appearance alone does not identify which step caused it (general IHC practice).Inspect no-primary and positive controls; adjust blocking, washes, antibody concentration, or development time one variable at a time (general IHC practice).
Only scattered cells stain in an otherwise readable section.A subset pattern can be expected in intestinal and squamous epithelia and germinal centers (HPA: tissue IHC); staining alone does not establish cell-cycle phase.Record the fraction, cell type, compartment, and intensity. Compare with a reported positive cell population before treating sparse staining as a failed run.
A low-signal specimen is being used to judge assay failure.Placental cytotrophoblasts are reported Low, whereas lymph node germinal center cells are Medium (HPA: tissue IHC). A weak specimen gives a less clear run check.Evaluate a Medium-positive control alongside it (HPA: tissue IHC). If that control also fails, review the IHC workflow before concluding that the low-signal specimen lacks CDK2.

Sample controls for CDK2 IHC & IF

🧪Run lymph node first and expect medium staining in germinal center cells (HPA: Medium in lymph node germinal center cells). Run adipose tissue as the negative tissue, expecting adipocytes to be unstained (HPA: Not detected in adipose tissue adipocytes); on the positive slide, treat adjacent unstained cells as internal background checks without assuming they are biologically CDK2-negative (standard IHC practice).
Positive control tissue: Appendix (Lymphoid tissue, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show CDK2 in SK-MEL-30, U2OS, ASC52telo, RPTEC/TERT1, hTERT-RPE1 (serum starved), Sperm, HeLa BAC 5399, HeLa , with annotated localisation: Nucleoplasm (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary and secondary-only controls, a concentration-matched mouse IgG isotype control for the catalog mouse antibody, and CDK2-knockout tissue or cells as a biological negative (selected SKU caption: mouse anti-Cdk2; standard IHC practice). Block endogenous peroxidase and assess nonspecific staining in lymphoid tissue before interpreting DAB signal (standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported in the supplied evidence, and the selected-SKU paraffin-section caption does not report a fixative (selected SKU caption: fixative not stated). The demonstrated tissue-IHC workflow uses heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0; whether retrieval is required for every specimen and whether frozen sections or IF are easier is unreported (selected SKU caption: EDTA retrieval; supplied evidence: no matched comparison). In lymph node, endogenous peroxidase or nonspecific staining can complicate DAB interpretation, so compare germinal center signal with the control slides (standard IHC practice; HPA: Medium in lymph node germinal center cells).

HPA tissue IHC evidence for CDK2

Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.

Positive expression · recommended positive controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Appendix Lymphoid tissue Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →
Bone marrow Hematopoietic cells Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →
Duodenum Glandular cells Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →
Esophagus Squamous epithelial cells Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →
Lymph node Germinal center cells Medium Protein (IHC) HPA →

Undetected expression · recommended negative controls

TissueCell typeLevelEvidenceSource
Adipose tissue Adipocytes Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Breast Adipocytes Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Bronchus Basal cells Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Cerebellum Cells in granular layer Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Cerebral cortex Endothelial cells Not detected Protein (IHC) HPA →
Section 3

Advanced CDK2 IHC Tips

Troubleshoot CDK2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular location, controls, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.

Which antigen retrieval condition should I use for CDK2 in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for paraffin sections (datasheet M00166-4). The selected tissue image used this condition before incubation with 2 μg/ml antibody overnight at 4°C, so retain it while diagnosing weak signal (datasheet M00166-4). Compare a known staining area on the same run, such as squamous epithelial cells, and inspect nuclear labeling before increasing detection strength (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). If signal remains weak, compare a second retrieval condition on adjacent sections as a fallback, recording any increase in diffuse background or tissue damage (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain inconsistent CDK2 staining between paraffin sections?
Target-specific sensitivity of CDK2 to fixation is unknown because the selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet M00166-4). Record the specimen's actual fixative and fixation duration, and compare sections with matched processing before attributing weak nuclear signal to the antibody (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Use EDTA at pH 8.0 for heat retrieval and the reported 2 μg/ml primary condition as the initial benchmark (datasheet M00166-4). If archived blocks stain inconsistently, assess section integrity and run a known positive section alongside them; neither HPA expression patterns nor CDK2 modifications establish a fixation effect (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P24941).
How do I distinguish plausible CDK2 localisation from diffuse chromogen staining?
First assess nuclear labeling in viable cells because tissue IHC reports nuclear expression in subsets of squamous epithelia, intestinal tract, germinal centers, and seminiferous ducts (HPA tissue IHC). CDK2 can also occupy cytoplasm and centrosomes, particularly at centrosomes in late G2, so limited nonnuclear signal needs cellular context (UniProt P24941 subcellular). Strong uniform cytoplasmic color across every cell, acellular deposits, or pigment outside cell boundaries warrants review of controls and detection background (standard IHC practice). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately and compare neighboring unstained cells within the section (standard IHC practice).
Can this paraffin IHC stain distinguish CDK2 isoforms or phosphorylation states?
The record lists 2 CDK2 isoforms, a protein kinase domain at residues 4–286, and phosphorylation at Thr14 and Tyr15 (UniProt P24941). The selected caption does not map the antibody epitope or establish phospho-specific validation, so staining cannot assign an isoform or phosphorylation state (datasheet M00166-4; UniProt P24941). Check the antibody's immunogen or epitope documentation and its coverage of each isoform before interpreting compartment-specific differences (standard IHC practice; UniProt P24941). If modification specificity matters, use a separately validated reagent and appropriate positive and negative controls under the same retrieval conditions (standard IHC practice).
How should I corroborate chromogenic CDK2 IHC with multiplex immunofluorescence?
Pair CDK2 with a validated marker of the expected cell population, such as a squamous epithelial cell marker, and assess co-localisation at the single-cell level (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Select separated fluorophores and consider a far-red channel where tissue autofluorescence interferes, after checking an unstained section (standard IF practice). CDK2 has no transmembrane segment, so access to a nuclear or cytoplasmic epitope generally requires permeabilisation; optimize it against retained morphology and staining of the second marker (UniProt P24941 topology; standard IF practice). Keep IF controls and exposure settings separate from the chromogenic IHC workflow (standard IF practice).
Why do I see diffuse brown background despite apparently positive nuclei?
The selected protocol used 10% goat serum blocking, a 2 μg/ml mouse primary overnight at 4°C, and DAB detection (datasheet M00166-4). Check a no-primary control, block endogenous peroxidase, and inspect whether chromogen persists in damaged or edge regions before calling it CDK2 (standard IHC practice). If the control is clean, titrate the primary below the reported concentration and compare matched sections, preserving distinct nuclear staining (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC). Review secondary species compatibility, washing, and DAB development so broad cytoplasmic haze does not dominate a restricted nuclear pattern (standard IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC).
How should I quantify heterogeneous CDK2 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored compartment first: nuclear labeling is reported in subsets of several cell populations, whereas CDK2 can also localize to cytoplasm and centrosomes (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P24941 subcellular). Report the percentage of positive viable target cells and an intensity-weighted H-score of 0–300, with one threshold and scoring scheme across slides (standard IHC practice). Normalize positive-cell counts to the number of eligible cells in the same region, or report density per mm² of viable tissue if cellular segmentation is unreliable (standard IHC practice). Exclude necrosis, folds, and edge staining, and document region selection and replicate variability (standard IHC practice).
How can I decide whether an unexpected CDK2-positive area is genuine?
Expect nuclear staining in subsets of intestinal and squamous epithelia, germinal centers, and seminiferous ducts rather than uniform labeling of every cell (HPA tissue IHC). CDK2 also has cytoplasmic and centrosomal locations, so a plausible nonnuclear signal should track intact cells and survive comparison with appropriate controls (UniProt P24941 subcellular; standard IHC practice). Treat edge-only staining, necrotic debris, and color in no-primary controls as artefact; assess endogenous peroxidase when brown signal remains without primary (standard IHC practice). CDK2 abundance does not directly prove kinase activity, which depends on cyclin partners and regulatory modifications (UniProt P24941 function; UniProt P24941 modified residues).
Boster reagents

Best CDK2 / Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 IHC Antibodies

The catalog shows anti-CDK2 IHC in human paraffin sections and human tonsil, plus IF/ICC images in HeLa and A549 cells (catalog image captions). Listed antibody reactivity includes human, mouse, and rat (catalog applications/reactivity).

Real IHC data IHC analysis of Cdk2 using anti-Cdk2 antibody (M00166-4). Cdk2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml mouse anti-Cdk2 Antibody (M00166-4) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-mouse IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Mouse IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0001) with DAB as the chromogen.
Anti-Cdk2 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 6D5B5)
Cat # M00166-4
Real IHC data IHC analysis of Cdk2 using anti-Cdk2 antibody (M00166-3). Cdk2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human breast cancer tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml mouse anti-Cdk2 Antibody (M00166-3) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-mouse IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Mouse IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0001) with DAB as the chromogen.
Anti-Cdk2 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 5B12D1)
Cat # M00166-3
Real IHC data IHC analysis of Cdk2 using anti-Cdk2 antibody (PB9534). Cdk2 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with squamous differentiation tissue. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in EDTA buffer (pH 8.0, epitope retrieval solution). The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 2 μg/ml rabbit anti-Cdk2 Antibody (PB9534) overnight at 4°C. Peroxidase Conjugated Goat Anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. The tissue section was developed using HRP Conjugated Rabbit IgG Super Vision Assay Kit (Catalog # SV0002) with DAB as the chromogen.
Anti-Cdk2 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9534
Real IHC data Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human beast carcinoma, using CDK2 Antibody.
Anti-CDK2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M00166
Real IHC data Human tonsil was stained with anti-CDK2 rabbit antibody
Anti-CDK2 Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M00166-6
Real IHC data Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human bladder cancer, using Phospho-CDK2 (Y15) Antibody.
Anti-Phospho-CDK2 (Y15) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # MP00166

M00166-4 shows IHC in human laryngeal carcinoma, M00166-3 in human breast cancer, and PB9534 in human bladder carcinoma (respective IHC image captions). M00166 shows IHC in human breast carcinoma and IF in HeLa cells, M00166-6 shows human tonsil staining, and MP00166 shows phospho-CDK2 (Y15) IHC in human bladder cancer (respective image captions).

Which to pick: For tissue IHC, M00166-4 has a mouse monoclonal clone and several human paraffin-section images; its pictured protocol uses EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, while the fixative is unreported (M00166-4 catalog entry and IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, PB9534 has both applications listed and an A549 IF image; M00166 also lists IF/ICC and shows HeLa IF (respective catalog applications and IF image captions). For cross-species IHC planning, M00166-4 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, though its supplied IHC images show human tissue only (M00166-4 catalog reactivity and IHC image captions).

Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.

References

  1. UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P24941 (CDK2_HUMAN, Cyclin-dependent kinase 2).
  2. Human Protein Atlas. CDK2 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
  3. Human Protein Atlas. CDK2 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nucleoplasm. In addition localized to the plasma membrane, centrosome, basal body and calyx..
  4. Human Protein Atlas. CDK2 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
  5. Targeting CDK2 Confers Vulnerability to Lenvatinib Via Driving Senescence in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2025 — PMC11831524.
  6. Expression of cell cycle regulators during smooth muscle cell proliferation after balloon catheter injury of rat artery. Journal of Korean medical science 2004 — PMC2816830.
  7. Involvement of Akt, Ras and cell cycle regulators in the potential development of endometrial hyperplasia in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecologic oncology 2009 — PMC3441142.
  8. Genetic substitution of Cdk1 by Cdk2 leads to embryonic lethality and loss of meiotic function of Cdk2. Development (Cambridge, England) 2008 — PMC2668819.
  9. PubMed PMID:1714386 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  10. PubMed PMID:1653904 — UniProt-cited evidence.
  11. PubMed PMID:1717994 — UniProt-cited evidence.