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- Table of Contents
Plan CDK2 staining in paraffin sections using nuclear staining in selected cell populations as the tissue reference (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers fixation, antibody selection and interpretation of chromogenic IHC results.
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Nuclear staining in cell subsets (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear subsets in gut, squamous, germinal and seminiferous cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M00166-4) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
| Fixation | Keep formalin fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining is confined to cell subsets, even within positive tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Two isoforms; epitope differences are unspecified (UniProt) |
Compare the catalog antibody's IHC-P protocol (datasheet M00166-4) with three published CDK2 immunohistochemistry protocols (PMC2816830; PMC3441142; PMC2668819).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M00166-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M00166-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet M00166-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M00166-4) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 6D5B5) anti-CDK2, 2 μg/ml (datasheet M00166-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M00166-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet M00166-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | CDK2-positive staining in lymphoid tissue of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear expression in subsets of cells in the intestinal tract and squamous epithelia, cells in germinal centers and seminiferous ducts. No signal in the no-primary control. |
CDK2 staining in paraffin sections should be predominantly nuclear in subsets of intestinal and squamous epithelial cells, germinal center cells, and cells in seminiferous ducts (HPA: tissue IHC profile). HPA rates the tissue IHC evidence Enhanced, with medium consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability). CDK2 has no transmembrane segment; UniProt also places it in the cytoplasm and centrosome (UniProt P24941: topology and subcellular location).
| Distinct nuclear staining in some duodenal glandular cells, esophageal squamous cells, or lymph node germinal center cells. | This fits the reported distribution; each listed cell population has Medium staining (HPA: tissue IHC). Score the stained cell population and nuclear compartment, rather than calling the whole section uniformly positive. |
| Staining is exclusively extracellular or forms a broad membrane rim, with no convincing nuclear signal. | This does not fit the nuclear tissue IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Review it as possible artefact before scoring; CDK2 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt P24941: topology). |
| Strong staining appears in adipocytes or lung alveolar cells while the expected positive cells are unstained. | Those cell populations were Not detected in the supplied tissue profile (HPA: tissue IHC). Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic detection activity; neither can be diagnosed from appearance alone. |
| Diffuse chromogen covers nuclei, cytoplasm, and tissue spaces without clear cell boundaries. | This is unsuitable for compartment scoring. General IHC practice: inspect no-primary controls for detection background and reassess blocking, washing, antibody concentration, and chromogen development. |
| No staining appears in a known-positive section, such as lymph node germinal center cells. | A negative result conflicts with the reported Medium signal in those cells (HPA: tissue IHC). Check control performance and section quality before interpreting the test section as CDK2-negative. |
| Tissue and cell selection | HPA reports Medium staining in duodenal glandular, esophageal squamous, and lymph node germinal center cells, but Low staining in placental cytotrophoblasts (HPA: tissue IHC). Choose the control cell population deliberately. |
| Compartment and cell cycle | UniProt lists nuclear, cytoplasmic, and centrosomal locations and places CDK2 at separated centrosomes in late G2 (UniProt P24941: subcellular location). The supplied paraffin tissue profile describes nuclear staining in subsets (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody validation | CAB013115 has Enhanced IHC validation, while HPA066915 has Enhanced ICC validation (HPA: antibody validation). The tissue profile's Enhanced rating comes with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: reliability); these ratings do not validate every observed deposit. |
| Antigen retrieval and epitope | No CDK2-specific retrieval condition or antibody epitope is supplied. General IHC practice: use a documented paraffin-section method and compare retrieval conditions with the same positive control before interpreting a weak result. |
| Q: What should IF/ICC show? | A: HPA reports mainly nucleoplasmic signal, with supported centrosomal localization; its plasma membrane assignment is uncertain (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| A reported Medium-positive cell population has no nuclear signal. | The run may have failed, or the sampled section may contain too few relevant cells; HPA reports staining in subsets (HPA: tissue IHC). | Confirm the expected cells are present, inspect the positive control, then review antibody dilution, retrieval, and detection using the documented IHC method (general IHC practice). |
| Adipocytes and alveolar cells stain as strongly as the chosen positive control. | These populations are Not detected in the supplied profile (HPA: tissue IHC); cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible. | Compare matched no-primary controls and cell boundaries, then reassess detection blocking and antibody concentration before assigning CDK2 positivity (general IHC practice). |
| Only diffuse cytoplasmic staining is visible. | The tissue IHC profile emphasizes nuclear subsets (HPA: tissue IHC), although UniProt also lists cytoplasmic CDK2 (UniProt P24941: subcellular location). | Check whether nuclei in a reported positive population stain and whether the no-primary control is clean; report unresolved compartment discordance rather than calling it specific. |
| Uniform brown haze obscures nuclear borders. | Background from the staining workflow can prevent localization; the appearance alone does not identify which step caused it (general IHC practice). | Inspect no-primary and positive controls; adjust blocking, washes, antibody concentration, or development time one variable at a time (general IHC practice). |
| Only scattered cells stain in an otherwise readable section. | A subset pattern can be expected in intestinal and squamous epithelia and germinal centers (HPA: tissue IHC); staining alone does not establish cell-cycle phase. | Record the fraction, cell type, compartment, and intensity. Compare with a reported positive cell population before treating sparse staining as a failed run. |
| A low-signal specimen is being used to judge assay failure. | Placental cytotrophoblasts are reported Low, whereas lymph node germinal center cells are Medium (HPA: tissue IHC). A weak specimen gives a less clear run check. | Evaluate a Medium-positive control alongside it (HPA: tissue IHC). If that control also fails, review the IHC workflow before concluding that the low-signal specimen lacks CDK2. |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Esophagus | Squamous epithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Basal cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Endothelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Troubleshoot CDK2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, cellular location, controls, and scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
The catalog shows anti-CDK2 IHC in human paraffin sections and human tonsil, plus IF/ICC images in HeLa and A549 cells (catalog image captions). Listed antibody reactivity includes human, mouse, and rat (catalog applications/reactivity).
M00166-4 shows IHC in human laryngeal carcinoma, M00166-3 in human breast cancer, and PB9534 in human bladder carcinoma (respective IHC image captions). M00166 shows IHC in human breast carcinoma and IF in HeLa cells, M00166-6 shows human tonsil staining, and MP00166 shows phospho-CDK2 (Y15) IHC in human bladder cancer (respective image captions).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, M00166-4 has a mouse monoclonal clone and several human paraffin-section images; its pictured protocol uses EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, while the fixative is unreported (M00166-4 catalog entry and IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, PB9534 has both applications listed and an A549 IF image; M00166 also lists IF/ICC and shows HeLa IF (respective catalog applications and IF image captions). For cross-species IHC planning, M00166-4 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, though its supplied IHC images show human tissue only (M00166-4 catalog reactivity and IHC image captions).