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- Table of Contents
2 Citations 9 Q&As
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Facts about CD44 antigen.
Adhesion with HA plays an important role in cell migration, tumor growth and development. In cancer cells, may play an significant role in invadopodia formation.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | CD44 |
Uniprot: | P16070 |
Entrez: | 960 |
Belongs to: |
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No superfamily |
CD44 antigen; CD44 molecule (Indian blood group); CD44; CD44R; CDw44; cell surface glycoprotein CD44; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 8; CSPG8; ECMR-III; epican; Extracellular matrix receptor III; GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor; HCAM; HCELL; hematopoietic cell E- and L-selectin ligand; Heparan sulfate proteoglycan; Hermes antigen; homing function and Indian blood group system; HUTCH-I; Hyaluronate receptor; IN; LHR; MC56; MDU2; MDU2CD44 antigen (homing function and Indian blood group system); MDU3; MDU3CDW44; MIC4; MIC4MGC10468; MUTCH-I; Pgp1; PGP-1; PGP-I; Phagocytic glycoprotein 1
Mass (kDA):
81.538 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 11p13 |
Sequence: | 11; NC_000011.10 (35139168..35232402) |
Isoform 10 (epithelial isoform) is expressed by cells of epithelium and highly expressed by carcinomas. Expression is repressed in neuroblastoma cells.
Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Cell projection, microvillus. Colocalizes with actin in membrane protrusions at wounding edges. Co-localizes with RDX, EZR and MSN in microvilli. Localizes to cholesterol-rich membrane-bound lipid raft domains.
In this article, we'll discuss about CD44, a leukocyte differentiation antigen determinant that regulates cell adhesion as well as migration. We'll also look at how it's utilized as a cell surface marker for cancer stem cells. Boster Bio: The Best uses for the CD44 marker
CD44 is a vital marker for leukocyte differentiation. It is present on macrophages, leukocytes and dendritic cells. Incredibly, a significant portion of -T cells also is CD2-positive. They are known as CD4-CD8lo cell, which are rare subsets of human lymphocytes. Furthermore, CD44 can be found on lymphocyte subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell.
Lymphocytes express CD44 in the human body. Humans have four major histidine repetitions, and swine CD44 has a polypeptide that is derived from wCD44a. The CD44 molecule is recognized by the mAb for humans, however, it is not recognized by the CD44 molecule. CD44 is present in the Efferent Lymph of Pigs in swine. It may be related to the ability of cells to migrate.
This protein is linked with the CD131 signalling molecule. It is found on a majority of myeloid cells, as well as haematopoietic precursors. His-tagged IL-3 can recognize CD123 and monoclonal antibodies to CD123 can specifically recognize it. The protein is highly expressed in blood myeloid DCs and has been proven to be essential for the survival of these cells.
Human CD50 (ICAM-3) is ubiquitously expressed on leukocytes. When anti-hCD50 (HP2/19) was applied to pig cells however it was only expressed to certain cells. Monocytes and granulocytes were both negative, subsets of B- and T cells expressed CD50. This suggests that there is a need to develop a specific mAb for swine ICAM-1.
The CD44 marker is extensively used to study the mechanism of adhesion and migration as well as cell adhesion. It is a major component of the ECM that helps cells in adhering to one to each. Cell adhesion molecules, such as cadherin and the integrin family, are responsible for these interactions. CD44, an adhesion molecule for cells, plays a vital role in adhesion of tumor cells. We found that CAM was expressed on MCF-7 and MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells.
The CD44 protein can block the adhesion of breast cancer cells to matrigel. In in vitro, the treatment blocked breast cancer cells from metastatically spreading. Asp-UA treatment inhibited movement and invasion of MCF-7 cells. Phase micrographs with x200 magnification were used to determine cell adhesion and migration in MCF-7 cells. The number of migrating cell was manually counted. Data are presented as mean plus SD.
Cluster of differentiation 44, also referred to as Hermes, Pgp1, and H-CAM, is a cell glycoprotein with a kD range of 80-95. It is present on all leukocytes and also a large variety of endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, it is believed as a primary marker for memory cells and subsets. In addition, it is involved in adhesion and migration of leukocytes. It also is involved in adhesion and migration of leukocytes to the endothelial cells.
We use cell surface molecules to differentiate memory T cells from effector T cells. These markers are based on the comparison of phenotypes for the three cell types, and their utility depends on the type of immune response. These characteristics can be used to understand the roles of these cells.
CD44 plays a vital role in intravascular crawling as well as firm adhesion. In the case of firm adhesion, CD44 engages Pyk2 that mediates the spread of cells. It facilitates cell adhesion through increasing the polymerization of integrin and ligands. The recruitment of effector T cells requires the binding of CD44 to the cytoskeleton which is dependent on its integrin affinity.
The controlled death of clonally expanded effector cells and the maintenance of a group of memory T cells are vital for a successful immune response to microorganisms. CD44 is a cell-surface molecules that is frequently expressed. Although it is not clear the reason CD44 is so abundant on memory cells, it is believed this molecule is crucial to the life of cells that are called effectors.
It is not known what the role CD44 plays in immune responses. Researchers know that antigen-experienced groups of T cells that have effector cells exhibit an obvious correlation to inflammation-related disorders. Without CD44 the anti-inflammatory capacity of the immune system is severely weakened. CD44 is also necessary for the expansion and maintenance of memory cells.
A subset of cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) is responsible for tumor recurrence as well as resistance to drugs. Research has shown that CD44, and its variants CD44v and CD44g, can distinguish cancer stem cells from other cells. To determine if CSCs are present in a particular tumor CD44 surface markers are utilized. This review outlines current findings, challenges, and future directions for the use of CD44/CD44v as a cancer stem cell marker.
One study investigated the CD44 expression in colorectal cancer. Both CD44 and CD133 expression levels decreased when the initial seeding concentration was reduced. Treatment with EPA or DMSO reduced expression of CD44 and CD133 significantly. However, EPA and EDTA had no significant impact on the single expression levels of CD44 or CD133. These findings suggest that CD44 and CD133 expression levels are essential for establishing the profiles of the colorectal cancer stem cells.
In addition to determining tumor stemness, CD44 expression has also been linked with various characteristics associated with stem cells from cancer. For example high levels of CD44 express neuroblastoma cells and neural crest cells, which are precursors of neurons. Furthermore, CD44hi cells express more stemness markers than CD44low cells. Additionally, these cells are more resistant to chemotherapy and cisplatin than CD44low cells.
Innate immunity is one of the most effective defense mechanisms against pathogenic microbes. CD4+ T cell may play a critical part in the creation of memory B cells with a long-lived lifespan. CD4+ T cells may also provide protection against microbial infections via anamnestic development. The presence of these cells also aids in the rapid development of anamnestic reactions upon the re-exposure.
In innate immunity in innate immunity, the BCR has inherent properties that determine whether cells will change into a memory cell or a plasma cell. These intrinsic properties could be linked to the choice between the memory B cell or the fate of a plasma cells in an ongoing immune response. Inducing inflammation and septic shock can also be caused by the antigen. The mesenchymal stem cell is an effective tool in treating infections and inflammatory conditions. To determine if these cells modulate immune responses, they were successfully tested in an animal model.
The immune system that is innate is characterized by the activation of the T-cell response to LPS. LPS-MSCCM regulates innate immunity by controlling levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. This, in turn, promotes the creation of anti-LPS antibodies. These antibodies protect mice in the neonate stage from the harmful consequences of V.cholerae.
The short arm of chromosome11 contains the CD44 gene. The entire chromosome is 50 KB in size and is composed of 20 exons, 12 of which are involved in splicing. The first five exons code for a constant region of the extracellular domain, while exons six through fifteen encode variable sides; and exons 16 and 17 encode the proximal region of extracellular domain. Exon 18 encodes the hydrophobic area and the first three amino acid of the cytoplasmic tail CD44.
CD44 is also linked to the regulation of the MMP-9 gene breast and prostate cancer cells. The CD44 gene is controlled by transcription factor RUNX2, and CD44 interacts with the protein to regulate MMP-9 expression. More research is needed to determine the significance of CD44 for tumor invasion. In the current study, CD44 is an important marker in prostate cancer. It is associated with invasion and metastasis.
The discovery of CD44 as a tumor-invasion marker, has opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of leukemia. CD44 is being utilized by the research community as an alternative therapy to treat leukemia stem cells. Additionally, the depletion of CD44 may impair LSC's ability to differentiate into various cell types and increase their sensitivity to chemotherapy. Additionally, CD44 has been shown to increase LSC in homing to bone marrow niches. It could also affect the self-renewability of LSCsand increase their sensitivity to chemotherapy.
PMID: 2466575 by Stamenkovic I., et al. A lymphocyte molecule implicated in lymph node homing is a member of the cartilage link protein family.
PMID: 1840487 by Harn H.-J., et al. The multispecific cell adhesion molecule CD44 is represented in reticulocyte cDNA.
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