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- Table of Contents
5 Citations 1 Q&As
2 Citations 2 Q&As
Facts about Estrogen receptor.
Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their various components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF- kappa-B in a cell-type particular manner.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | ESR1 |
Uniprot: | P03372 |
Entrez: | 2099 |
Belongs to: |
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nuclear hormone receptor family |
ER alpha; ER; Era; ER-alpha; ESR1; ESRESRA; Estradiol receptor; estrogen receptor 1; estrogen receptor alpha delta 3*4,56,7*/819-2 isoform; estrogen receptor alpha delta 4 +49 isoform; estrogen receptor alpha delta 4*5,6,7*/654 isoform; estrogen receptor alpha; estrogen receptor; NR3A1; NR3A1DKFZp686N23123; Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1
Mass (kDA):
66.216 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 6q25.1-q25.2 |
Sequence: | 6; NC_000006.12 (151654148..152129619) |
Widely expressed. Isoform 3 is not expressed in the pituitary gland.
[Isoform 1]: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. A minor fraction is associated with the inner membrane.; [Isoform 3]: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein; Cytoplasmic side. Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Associated with the inner membrane via palmitoylation (Probable). At least a subset exists as a transmembrane protein with a N-terminal extracellular domain.; Nucleus. Golgi apparatus. Cell membrane. Colocalizes with ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC21 in the Golgi apparatus where most probably palmitoylation occurs.
The ESR1 Marker is an immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker. Molecular biology, Flow cytometry, Immunohistochemistry, and Molecular biology are some of the uses of this marker. This article provides an overview of these three techniques. Read on to learn more about the various uses of ESR1 and discover which one is best for you. Here are some tips and tricks for evaluating and interpreting the results of this marker.
The IHC uses of the ESR1 marker are becoming more common as the marker has many different functions. It can be used to detect mutations in the gene. The ESR1-Y537S mutant is recruited to target genes in the ER. In addition, there are several other uses of the ESR1 marker in IHC. To learn more, read on. Here are some of the more common uses of the ESR1 marker in IHC.
The ESR1 marker can detect multiple different mutations in breast cancer. ESR1 point mutations occur most frequently at residues D538 and Y537. These mutations are more common in late stage breast cancer and less common in treatment-naive cases. Moreover, ESR1-mutated tumors are associated with acquired endocrine resistance and metastasis. Several studies have reported a correlation between ESR1 mutations and patient outcome.
In metastatic breast cancer, ER+ tumors often harbor ESR1 mutations or amplifications. Point mutations in ESR1's ligand-binding domain confer hormone-independent and constitutive activation of the ER. However, this method may be limited by the inaccuracy of IHC assays. These IHC tests require standardized protocols. Nevertheless, there are a number of factors that may affect the IHC results.
IHC is an increasingly common method for breast cancer diagnosis. The availability of many antibodies that target breast cancer markers makes it possible to determine specific types of the disease, as well as to distinguish between normal and metastatic breast cells. The ESR1 marker is useful for detecting the metastatic stage of lobular breast cancer. It also has potential for staging invasive breast cancer. These factors make it useful for early diagnosis.
The ESR1 marker has been used in Flow cytometry for the detection of cell proliferation and DNA damage in various types of tumors. The assay consists of a PCR reaction that amplifies DNA from three to five ng of plasma from patients. The DNA is then subjected to emulsion PCR containing tag specific primers bound to magnetic beads. The PCR product is then hybridized with fluorescent probes. The results are evaluated by flow cytometry to determine the proportion of cells with mutant alleles.
The study also shows that tumours with mutations in the ESR1 gene exhibit higher numbers of luminal A tumors and PgR-positive tumours. In addition, a proportion of these tumours harboured more than one ESR1 mutation. Furthermore, a proportion of patients (40%) showed more than one mutation of ESR1. This mutation was found in most primary archival tumour tissue, but was found in metastatic tumour biopsies of some patients.
The expression of ESR1 correlates with the expression of SLC7A11 in ER-positive cancers. Flow cytometry with the ESR1 marker revealed a correlation between ESR1 and SLC7A11 expression in these tumors. The gray area indicates the 95% confidence interval for this correlation. Moreover, si-ESR1 inhibited SLC7A11 expression in MCF-7 cells and ZR-75-1.
PIK3CA mutations and ESR1 marker expression were detected in a substantial proportion of the patients with the best responses. While this association has yet to be verified, it has the potential to serve as a useful predictor of reduced clinical benefit. In addition, multiplexed panels based on NGS platforms may be useful for assessing the overall tumour status. For more information, contact our lab.
A recent study published in the journal Nature revealed that patients with Stage II colon cancer who have negative dMMR status were unlikely to benefit from 5-FU adjuvant chemotherapy. To further investigate the utility of ESR1, a series of prospective studies are needed to validate the predictive value of this biomarker. Nevertheless, it is possible that a series of validated biomarkers could be used to create a personalized treatment plan for patients with cancer.
One antibody from Boster Bio was developed to detect ESR1 in cells. This antibody is tested in ELISA, WB, and Flow Cytometry with rat, mouse, and human samples. Several Boster Bio antibodies have been used in research studies to confirm its performance. The antibody is safe to use and has undergone extensive validation to ensure maximum reproducibility. Boster Bio's antibodies have been cited in more than 20,000 publications.
The ESR1 protein contains 595 amino acids. It forms a heterodimer with another gene, ESR2. It interacts with other proteins such as FOXC2, MAP1S, and SLC30A9. It also functions with PHB2, GPER1, and CHI3L1. It has been shown that the ESR1 marker can detect multiple types of cancer.
Recent studies have suggested that ESR1 expression may be predictive of survival for stage II-III CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition to its potential to predict survival, it showed strong interactions with chemotherapy in a validation and training set. Further research is needed to determine if this biomarker can improve the chances of survival in stage III CRC patients. But for now, it is worth the wait.
The splicing rate of the ESR1 gene affects the transcriptional level of the gene. Actinomycin D, which decreases transcription, does not affect the level of ESR1. The data on this show that E2 does not destabilize the ESR1 transcript. Nevertheless, actinomycin D decreases the ESR1 transcription level, resulting in a low level of ESR1 mRNA.
Although the mutations have been identified as a key mechanism in resistance to endocrine therapy, it remains unclear how prevalent they are in breast cancer. Most of the data are from clinical trials in developed countries. One recent study, conducted in Brazil, investigated the prevalence of the mutation in metastatic tissues from breast cancer patients. It was found that Y537 mutations were the most common. This mutation has been linked to an increased risk of metastatic disease.
ERa binding to the proximal promoter of ESR1 causes transcriptional changes. ESR1 is actively transcribed by RNA PolII. This promoter-specific transcription factor also recruits activating complexes to the ESR1 gene. The ESR1 gene promoter is regulated by ERa and Sin3A. ERa also recruits a repressor called Sin3A. This repressor also binds to the A promoter, which inhibits ESR1 transcription.
NR2E3 and ESR1 expression have been correlated with each other. In addition to being directly correlated, HNF4A and NR2E3 are also associated with ESR1 expression in breast cancer cells. In other words, the ESR1 protein is required for the expression of other genes in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The same holds true for NR2E3, a nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of ESR1 and other genes.
The discovery of the ESR1 marker in breast cancer has spawned several new research questions. First, does ESR1 play a role in the progression of the disease? And, if so, how? To answer this question, we need to first understand what ESR1 is. The ESR1 gene is a type of prokaryotic protein that is found in cells of the immune system. It is an important gene in the regulation of immune cells and can be measured in human cells.
Mutant cells expressing ESR1 are basal and have reduced BCK expression. This suggests that ER functions as a negative regulator of BCK expression. Its low expression is needed but is not sufficient to promote BCK overexpression in BC bearing the ESR1 mutation. Therefore, clinical applications of the ESR1 marker are limited. The research in breast cancer is ongoing. Further research is needed to determine whether ESR1 expression has any role in the development and progression of breast cancer.
As sequencing technology has improved in recent years, we can now identify more precise mutations of the ESR1 gene. These mutations are a potential biomarker for endocrine resistance. We should develop more potent cornerstone drugs to treat patients with these conditions. To make these tests more useful for clinical decision-making, clinical trials must address these questions and validate their results. Nonetheless, endocrine resistant cancer patients should be evaluated for any mutations in ESR1.
Although ESR1 mutations do not have a strong clinical significance when detected early in the disease, they can aid in guiding the therapeutic interventions in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Further research is needed to understand how ESR1 mutations influence the progression of the disease and the efficacy of different treatments. This study is an important step toward establishing the role of ESR1 mutations in identifying early-stage breast cancer and guiding clinical interventions.
PMID: 3754034 by Green S., et al. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A.
PMID: 3753802 by Greene G.L., et al. Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA.
*More publications can be found for each product on its corresponding product page