This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.
- Table of Contents
43 Citations 9 Q&As
103 Citations 7 Q&As
39 Citations 7 Q&As
Facts about Interleukin-2.
.
Human | |
---|---|
Gene Name: | IL2 |
Uniprot: | P60568 |
Entrez: | 3558 |
Belongs to: |
---|
IL-2 family |
Aldesleukin; IL2; IL-2; IL-2lymphokine; interleukin 2; interleukin-2; involved in regulation of T-cell clonal expansion; T cell growth factor; T-cell growth factor; TCGF
Mass (kDA):
17.628 kDA
Human | |
---|---|
Location: | 4q27 |
Sequence: | 4; NC_000004.12 (122449479..122456725, complement) |
Secreted.
Interleukin-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory Lympokine. It is located in the human genome 4q26-q28. It is a growth factor for B lymphocytes and a potent regulator of the activity natural killer cells. All antibodies test by Boster bio assays are confirmed. You can be sure that your results will be accurate.
The goal of this review is to provide a summary of the diverse functions of IL-2 in the immune system. We will focus on its role in the vivo environment where it inhibits proliferation of T-helper17 cells. This could be due to its ability to stimulate production of regulatory T cells (or TREG). TREG are a vital component of the immune system, both for regulation of immune function and self-tolerance.
The cytokine is required for the maintenance of tolerance to immune stimuli and the emergence of a robust secondary immune response. It also aids in activation-induced cell death in T cells. Although IL-2 plays a role in the regulation of the immune system, it also has immune-enhancing properties. It aids in the differentiation of naive and effector T cells. It is also crucial for the generation of memory T cells which undergo secondary expansion when confronted with antigens.
IL-2 and IL-15 are high-affinity receptors for the cytokine IL-2. They interact with various receptors in cells. The IL-2Rb, CD122 and IL-15Rb/gc chains are found in a variety of types of cells. The IL-2Ra receptor is present in activated T and B cells. IL-15Rb/gc chains are found on monocytes and in dendritic cell.
IL2 is a vital immune-regulatory cytokine. It is produced by T cells in response to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. It is also essential to promote T-cell proliferation as well as other immune-related activities. Monoallelic regulation is the most effective way to control its expression. Its gene can be found on the chromosome 4.
Although IL-2 is necessary for the promotion of AICD of T cells CD8+ It also plays an important role in controlling T-cell responses during chronic infections. These infections could involve persistent antigens. To answer the question of the role of IL-2 in regulating T-cell responses in chronic infections, mixed bone-marrow and chimaeras were utilized. In mice that were infected with chronic LCMV mice with CD8+ T cells lacking IL-2Ra were swiftly eliminated, but T cells with IL-2Ra levels that were sufficient were kept.
Recent research suggests that IL-4 plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of B-cells. These findings are not conclusive, however. To determine the exact function that IL-4 plays in B-cell proliferation more research is required. There are many intriguing possibilities for IL-2's function in regulating B cell development. For instance, IL-4 has the ability to stimulate DNA synthesis in resting B cells.
Recent studies also suggest that IL2 is a powerful antiinflammatory cytokine. In the intestine, it can control the development of chronic inflammation-related diseases. Infections caused by bacterial growth stimulates T-cells that produce IL-gamma. However, these findings are controversial. Yet, the evidence suggests that IL2-inhibition slows the development of Crohn disease.
After siRNA transfection, IL2 was observed to increase the number VSMCs. VSMCs were grown in humidified conditions and then treated with various levels of IL2.
This protein inhibits other inflammatory mediators, including IL2. IL2 also regulates mitochondrial fusion. Mfn2 hinders VSMC growth by inducing the Raf-ERK1/2 pathway. This is crucial in the anti-proliferative effect of IL2. VSMCs can also be suppressed by knockdown or overexpression of Mfn2 protein.
IL2 is a key factor in VSMC expansion by enhancing the expression of IL2 and XIST. These proteins could contribute to atherosclerosis progression because they perform different functions in our immune system. More research is required to fully understand their roles in atherosclerosis. There is no information currently available regarding their role in atherosclerosis. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of IL2 on VSMCs.
IL2 regulates VSMC function and plays a role in the balance between them in the vasculature. This study also uncovers new targets for drug development and shows a link between the immune and vascular systems. These findings could be useful in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and also atherosclerosis and vasculitis. More research is needed to confirm these new targets and to correct the underlying pathology.
Scratch wound assays were utilized to determine the capacity of VSMCs in migrating. Scratched wounds were examined under a microscope after 48 hours. To evaluate VSMC migration, the cells were transduced using siRNA or pcDNA. After transduction, Mfn2 protein was measured using qRT-PCR. Fresh starvation medium containing 0.1 percent serum and DMEM–F12 were used to remove the VSMCs. After this, PDGFBB was added to the cells 30 minutes later. The results were monitored for 20 hours.
To boost the production of reactive oxygen species, cytokines also interact with cells' mitochondria. Cytokines not only activate vasodilatory agents within the vascular walls , but also trigger gene expressions of inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines can contribute to the atherogenic process. They interact with the VSM to regulate ECM composition.
The XIST/miR-539-5p/SPP1 axis plays an important role in VSMC growth. Ox-LDL-stimulated VSMs overexpressed miR-539-5 which, in turn, inhibits miR-539-5p. Furthermore, miR-539-5p inhibitors reverse XIST depletion. miR-539-5p targets secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SP1).
One of the prosurvival transcription factor genes is upregulated by the IL2 marker. This transcription factor is expressed by tumor cells, and also by pre-plasmablasts, which are a precursor cell type. This molecule was found to negatively be associated with DC maturation in this study. This transcription factor also boosts the production of IL-2 and other prosurvival elements.
This study has revealed that IL2 markers regulate the expression of BACH2, which is a prosurvival transcription factor. This promoter is critical for the regulation BACH2 expression in activated B cells. It could also serve as a mechanism to regulate Prdm1 through Elk1. These results suggest that BACH2 is controlled in a complex manner by multiple pathways and could be a target for controlling B-cell differentiation.
PMID: 6312994 by Maeda S., et al. Cloning of interleukin 2 mRNAs from human tonsils.
PMID: 6403867 by Taniguchi T., et al. Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2.
*Showing only the more recent 20. More publications can be found for each product on its corresponding product page