VPS4A Antibodies

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A (VPS4A)

Recognizes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies and catalyzes their disassembly, possibly in combination with membrane fission. Redistributes the ESCRT-III elements to the cytoplasm for further rounds of MVB sorting.

MVBs contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that are generated by invagination and scission from the limiting membrane of the endosome and are usually delivered to lysosomes allowing degradation of membrane proteins, such as stimulated growth factor receptors, lysosomal enzymes and lipids. In combination with the ESCRT machinery also seems to function in topologically equivalent membrane fission events, like the terminal stages of cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding (HIV-1 and other lentiviruses).

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	VPS4A
Uniprot:	Q9UN37
Entrez:	27183

Family

Belongs to:
AAA ATPase family

Alternative Names

FLJ22197; hVPS4; Protein SKD2; SKD1; SKD1A; SKD2; vacuolar protein sorting 4 homolog A (S. cerevisiae); vacuolar protein sorting 4A (yeast homolog); vacuolar protein sorting factor 4A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A; vacuolar sorting protein 4; VPS4-1SKD1-homolog; VPS4vacuolar protein sorting 4A (yeast)

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
48.898 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	16q22.1
Sequence:	16; NC_000016.10 (69311350..69326939)

Tissue Specificity

Ubiquitously expressed.

Subcellular Localizations

Prevacuolar compartment membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Late endosome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Midbody. Membrane-associated in the prevacuolar endosomal compartment. Localizes to the midbody of dividing cells, interaction with ZFYVE19/ANCHR mediates retention at midbody (PubMed:24814515). Localized in two distinct rings on either side of the Flemming body.

Diseases

• Hiv Infections
• Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
• Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
• Hepatitis
• Vesicular Stomatitis
• Stomatitis
• Neoplasms
• Hepatitis B
• Sarcoma
• Cytomegalovirus Infections
• Influenza

• Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
• Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary, Autosomal Recessive
• Paraplegia
• Nerve Degeneration
• Virus Diseases

Interacting Proteins

• CHMP1A
• CHMP1B
• CHMP2A

Pathways

• Transport
• Cytokinesis
• Abscission
• Membrane Fission
• Endocytosis
• Localization
• Cell Division
• Autophagy
• Secretion
• Endosomal Transport
• Secretory Pathway
• Multivesicular Body Sorting Pathway
• Mitosis

• Virus Maturation
• Chromosome Segregation
• Conjugation
• Reverse Transcription
• Drug Transport
• Cell Cycle
• Pathogenesis

PTMs

• Ubiquitination

Research Areas

• Protein Phosphatase

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/VPS4A

Best Uses of the VPS4A Marker in Microorganisms, Plants and Animals

Boster Bio The Best Uses of the Variable Protein Sequence Tag, (VPS4A) in Microorganisms and Plants

Virion-associated transcriptionase activity

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the AAA family of ATPases and is involved in diverse cell-related activities. The human VPS4 homolog has two paralogs: psv2a and Psv2b, both which have high aa-sequence similarity. Both the yeast and human Vps4 proteins as well as the mouse Skd1 protein belong to the AAA family.

Regulation of exosomal releases from SDCBP

Recent research suggests that the tumor-derived microRNA miR125b-5p regulates exosomal release SDCBP. This is vital in the cross-presentation between immune cells with dendritic cell. These studies suggest that exosomal microRNAs regulate the maturation of DCs and could hinder their function. Nonetheless, the mechanism that controls exosomal miRNAs is unclear.

Syntenin is a scaffold protein that helps in the formation of exosomes. It also affects syndecan expression and the formation of the endosomal membrane. Its release can aid in the transfer of pathogenic substances and triggers the signaling of other immune cells. However, it is not known whether syntenin is needed to facilitate the exosomal transfer of SDCBP.

SDCBP is transported to exosomes through endothelial cells and macrophages. In addition, these exosomes also co-localize with vesicles which contain HSPGs. This process is dependent on intact synthesizing and HS-sulfation within the cells that receive them. In addition, the loss of syntenin could adversely affect the exosomal retrieval process.

A range of proteins regulates the transfer of miRNAs into exosomes. The structure of miRNAs can influence their ability to travel to exosomes. It is unclear how these proteins sort miRNAs since they are the functional carriers of miRNAs. The Argonaute 2 protein, also known as hnRNPA2B1, manages sorting in exosomes by recognizing specific GGAG and GGCU base sequences.

The exosomal protein, ALIX, was isolated by differential high-speed centrifugation. The profiles of exosomal proteins were analyzed by iTRAQ-LC/MS proteomic profiling. Six hundred and eighty-three proteins (Table S1) were identified. 366 of them were overlapping the exosome database from Vesiclepedia. The results demonstrated that ALIX was significantly controlled by exosomes derived from patients suffering from PC. The study showed that there were five up-regulated proteins and fourteen down-regulated proteins.

In this study, alix-HSPG was found to be capable of binding syndecans as well as syndecan-assisted cargo receptors in vitro. It is responsible for trans signaling through the direction of the endosomal recycling syndecans and other cargo molecules towards the endosomes. However, the function of syntenin in vesicular trafficking is unclear.

Identification of Rabies virus glycoprotein

The glycoprotein of the Rabies virus is a gene that is highly conserved, VPS4A. In the cross-sectional diagram of the virus, VPS4A is the first amino acid. The remainder of the protein is an "ectodomain". This ectodomain is responsible for the synthesis of the viral envelope and the M protein. The viral ribonucleoprotein contains genomic RNA as well as an enveloping protein that is known as the Envelope.

The Rabies virus belongs to the family of Rhabdoviridae and is classified in the order Mononegavirales. This family of viruses is thought to be widespread and is sustained by low-level transmission within susceptible mammalian reservoir species. Rabies virus is considered to be the most important lyssavirus species, and is distributed worldwide except for Antarctica showing regional variations in viral genetics.

Scientists are able to identify Rabies virus glycoprotein using the V PS4A marker. This allows them to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. The nonpathogenic SN strain doesn't produce symptoms of rabies in the clinical sense. The RV-derived SB strain has significant differences in nucleotide sequencing over the entire genome. Both strains share a significant number of amino acids. The SN strain has a different gene expression pattern than the SB strain.

The era strain of rabies was isolated in 1935 from the salivary glands of a dog that was rabid. After repeated cell culture passages it was reduced to be the ERA strain. Yale University scientists used the attenuated vaccine virus with rabies G DNA as a candidate vaccine.

We used an inoculated mouse to test the hypothesis that the mutant Rabies virus contained the VPS4A gene. The model has been shown to work with rGDSH G349 and rGDSH-G19. The two strains of rGDSH were tested in the same study. As controls, the rGDSH–G96 virus and the rGDSH–G192 virus were used.

In the present study, RV G and RV M were identified in Chimeric virus constructs. Using Vent polymerase, we amplified a 1.6 kb fragment of the SB G open reading frame. These fragments contained NheI and DraI restriction sites. A primer was used to amplify the PCR product which contained three DNA strands as well as two restriction sites.

This vaccine has a myriad of advantages over the attenuated virus. It stimulates a strong immune response and does not cause rabies. It can be used to stop the disease in coyotes, foxes, and other wildlife species. This vaccine is accepted in several countries and is distributed around the world. It has assisted in the elimination of the rabies epidemic in Europe as well as in the United States.