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Facts about RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase.
Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for many of them, no isoform specificity was reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 sugar transporter to the cell surface.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | AKT2 |
Uniprot: | P31751 |
Entrez: | 208 |
Belongs to: |
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protein kinase superfamily |
Akt2; EC 2.7.11; EC 2.7.11.1; Murine thymoma viral (v-akt) homolog-2; PKB beta; PKBB; PKBBETA; PRKBB; Protein kinase Akt-2; Protein kinase B beta; rac protein kinase beta; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; RAC-beta; RAC-PK-beta; v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 2
Mass (kDA):
55.769 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 19q13.2 |
Sequence: | 19; NC_000019.10 (40230317..40285531, complement) |
Expressed in all cell types so far analyzed.
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Early endosome. Localizes within both nucleus and cytoplasm of proliferative primary myoblasts and mostly within the nucleus of differentiated primary myoblasts. By virtue of the N-terminal PH domain, is recruited to sites of the plasma membrane containing increased PI(3,4,5)P3 or PI(3,4)P2, cell membrane targeting is also facilitared by interaction with CLIP3. Colocalizes with WDFY2 in early endosomes (By similarity).
You may be interested as a molecular biologist how to make the most of the AKT2 marker. Start by looking over biological samples to see if there are any combinations. You should also be aware of the clinical trials, applications, and possible combinations that may be derived from the AKT2 marker. Boster Bio was founded in 1993. It is a specialist in the production of antibodies and ELISA products, and more recently, it has broadened its offerings to include molecular biology-related PCR products. In addition to their products, they provide a range of services for scientists. Scientists are able to access technical resources free of charge to help them understand the products that they have purchased.
A third of patients with Ovarian cancer have tumor recurrence that is predicted by the AKT2 marker. This is an important finding, as AKT2 expression is associated with poorer outcomes when compared to a lower level. This is due to the oncogenic effects of Akt plays a major role in the development of tumors. It also affects the absorption of nutrients. The cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer can help determine the best course of treatment.
In addition to its role in regulating cellular development and differentiation in regulating cell growth and differentiation, Akt is also involved in protecting intestinal epithelial cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. FTI-277 or PKCa can trigger apoptosis in cancerous ovarian cells. In addition it is believed that the Akt2 gene is vital to the protection of intestinal epithelial cells against Apoptosis caused by cytokine.
Akt pathway activation is responsible for M1 and M2 phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, reducing Akt1 and Akt2 activity is crucial to controlling antitumor responses. Furthermore mice that have Akt2-/ are more likely to develop the hepatocellular cancer and an M2/TAM phenotype. Therefore, this molecules is vital for tumor-related research.
Ablation of Akt2 results in an M2-type macrophage phenotype. In contrast, the absence of Akt2 decreases the M1 phenotype. Genetic ablation of Akt1 increases the risk of bacterial infection. Genetic ablation of Akt2 can protect mice from colitis caused by DSS. However, deletion of Akt2 results in increased mortality and an increase in the number of bacterial strains.
The AKT2 marker is a promising biomarker for advanced PC. It is also a potential therapeutic target for a number of cancers which include lung. However, patients must discuss the risks and benefits of participating in the study with their doctor. In some instances patients may also have genetic mutations that may make it harder for an individual treatment to work. In certain cases it is possible to be identified by a routine blood test.
Activation of AKT is observed frequently in lung cancer which includes non-small-cell lung cancer. In NSCLC, high levels of activated AKT are associated with decreased survival. AKT is associated with higher grade and lymph node metastasis which are vital clinical indicators. Cancer patients with AKT are often detected in metaplastic/dysplastic pre-lesions or early-stage NSCLC. AKT levels can be increased due to exposure to carcinogens from tobacco or air pollution.
In this study, erlotinib inhibited EGFR expansion in BxPC/Akt2 cells lines. The drug also decreased the expression of cleave caspase-3. However, patients with an elevated Akt2 expression could have high levels of erlotinib resistance. Patients with advanced PC need more research to determine if a new treatment is possible.
In addition to AKT inhibitors, a brand new drug that targets the AKT1 protein may be effective in treating NSCLC. These drugs are not yet clinically available, but researchers hope to come up with a novel treatment. In addition to lung cancer AKT2 may provide other benefits in a variety of other ailments. AKT inhibitors can be extremely effective in treating advanced lung cancer.
Other studies on this gene have demonstrated that the loss Akt2 stimulates tumor growth in certain lung cancer models, such as those with urethane. While the loss of Akt1 suppresses lung cancer development The loss of Akt2 can increase the growth of tumors in response to certain lung tumor-initiating events. More research is needed to better understand the role played by this gene in lung cancer. So, in the meantime, clinical trials using the AKT2 marker will aid patients to find the treatments that work for them.
The AKT2 gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. It is part of a family of serine/threonine kinases that contain Src homology 2-like domains. It is an essential part of the p38 MAPK pathway. It is extensively expressed in the liver and kidneys. Although its function isn't fully understood, its function is believed to be involved in calcium regulation.
Akt-phosphorylated substrates are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell invasion and migration as well as the regulation of apoptosis related transcription factors, as well as the metabolism of cells. The Akt-phosphorylation process is also involved in the proper functioning of the nuclear lamina which is an important structural component of the cell. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the signaling pathway that AKT2 uses in live.
Akt regulates glucose metabolism and insulin signal transduction. It also is involved in the PI3K signaling pathway and is found to be overexpressed in malignant tumors of various kinds. AKT2 is a crucial molecular marker for breast and meningioma, and could be used to treat neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. This gene is located primarily in the targeted tissues for insulin.
The T-DNA-induced mutant allele AKT2 is known as akt2-1. It is also responsible for newly isolated mutant alleles of CIPK6, CBL4, and CIPK6. The absence of AKT2 function in the phloem in plants causes delayed development of rosette and impaired long-distance transport. Additionally, AKT2 is essential for the repolarization of phloem cells as well as the regulation of sucrose/H+ exporters.
Studies have also shown that AKT2/CIPK6 proteins accumulate in immobile spotted structures related to the PM. This cRNA carries this gene and is present in plants that lack CBL4. When co-expressed with CBL4 OFP, AKT2 is found in the PM. This suggests the use of AKT2 as a molecular marker in plant cell biology.
The study used biological samples of the AKT2 gene. These samples comprised 22 patients with advanced PC and a good performance status (0-1). Patients ranged in age from 17 to 70 years old. The male to female ratio was 1:10. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the expression levels of Akt2 genes. Three of the 96 samples did not show enough evidence to identify Akt2 and were excluded from further analysis. The patients were not included in further analyses.
By lysing human tissues in RIPA buffer, then centrifuging at 12,000 RPM for 20 minutes biological samples were collected. Supernatants were gathered and subjected for SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE. After that, nitrocellulose membranes were blocked using 5% nonfat dry milk. Primary antibodies were used to detect AKT2. The antibodies were purchased from Proteintech and Bioworlde.
The clinical outcomes of patients with advanced PC were linked to AKT2 gene's outcomes. Akt2 amplification and high levels of expression were most prominent in PC. Patients suffering from refractory PC could also have high levels of Akt2 gene expression. These findings suggest that those suffering from advanced PC should undergo aggressive biopsies. It may also prove useful for identifying gene amplifications in cancer cells.
A variety of pleiotropic roles are possible through the AKT2 gene. It can influence insulin signaling as well as glucose secretion and uptake. It could also regulate the ovary's cell expansion. These findings suggest that AKT2 plays an important role in the physiology and genetics of PCOS. This study suggests that a frequent mutation in AKT2 causes an increase in the risk of PCOS.
Biological samples of the AKT2 gene demonstrate increased levels of Akt in various cell kinds. PANC-1 cells have a high level Akt2, while b–actin is a good internal controller. These results are valuable in studying the effects of different treatments and illnesses on the human body. This research also establishes an explanation for the relationship between the two gene isoforms.
PMID: 1801921 by Jones P.F., et al. Molecular cloning of a second form of rac protein kinase.
PMID: 1409633 by Cheng J.Q., et al. AKT2, a putative oncogene encoding a member of a subfamily of protein-serine/threonine kinases, is amplified in human ovarian carcinomas.
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