Nucleolar RNA helicase 2 Antibodies

Nucleolar RNA helicase 2 (DDX21)

RNA helicase that acts as a detector of the transcriptional status of both RNA polymerase (Pol) I and II: promotes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and transcription from polymerase II (Pol II) (PubMed:25470060). Binds various RNAs, such as rRNAs, snoRNAs, 7SK and, at lower extent, mRNAs (PubMed:25470060).

In the nucleolus, localizes to rDNA locus, where it directly contrasts rRNAs and snoRNAs, and boosts rRNA transcription, processing and modification. Required for rRNA two'- O-methylation, possibly by promoting the recruitment of late- acting snoRNAs SNORD56 and SNORD58 with pre-ribosomal complexes (PubMed:25470060, PubMed:25477391).

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	DDX21
Uniprot:	Q9NR30
Entrez:	9188

Family

Belongs to:
DEAD box helicase family

Alternative Names

DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 21; DEAD box protein 21; DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 21; DKFZp686F21172; EC 3.6.1; EC 3.6.4.13; Gu protein; GUA; gu-alpha; GURDB; nucleolar RNA helicase 2; Nucleolar RNA helicase Gu; Nucleolar RNA helicase II; RH II/Gu; RH-II/GU; RH-II/GuA; RNA helicase II/Gu alpha

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
87.344 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	10q22.1
Sequence:	10; NC_000010.11 (68956131..68985069)

Subcellular Localizations

Nucleus, nucleolus. Nucleus, nucleoplasm. Cytoplasm, cytosol. Mitochondrion. Present both in nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Interaction with JUN promotes translocation from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm (PubMed:11823437, PubMed:18180292). Interaction with WDR46 is required for localization to the nucleolus (PubMed:23848194). Colocalizes in the cytosol with DDX1, DHX36 and TICAM1. The multi-helicase-TICAM1 complex may translocate to the mitochondria upon poly(I:C) RNA ligand stimulation (By similarity).

Diseases

• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasms
• Cell Invasion
• Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
• Melanoma
• Malignant Neoplasm Of Breast
• Genomic Instability
• Werner Syndrome
• Premature Aging Syndrome
• Virus Diseases
• Borna Disease

• Colorectal Neoplasms
• Hiv Infections
• Uveal Neoplasms
• Mammary Neoplasms
• Colorectal Cancer
• Uveal Melanoma

Interacting Proteins

• HNRNPC
• KPNA3
• TERF2

Pathways

• Cell Proliferation
• Rrna Processing
• Localization
• Cell Cycle
• Viral Replication
• Protein Phosphorylation
• Interaction With Host
• Mitosis
• Aging
• Dna Repair
• Regulation Of Gene Expression
• Nuclear Export
• Cell Cycle Arrest

• Drug Resistance
• Ribosome Biogenesis
• Translation
• Telomere Maintenance
• Regulation Of Cell Proliferation
• Cell Growth
• Rna Processing

PTMs

• Phosphorylation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/DDX21

Best Uses of the DDX21 Marker

DDX21 is a gene identified in colon cancer. It has been proven to be a reliable prognostic marker for MSI colorectal cancer. We will examine DDX21's functions and expression, and then discuss its potential as an early stage marker for colorectal carcinoma. Here are a few of its potential uses.

DDX21

The DDX21 marker acts as a translocator of DNA RNA in cells. It controls many cell reactions that occur during viral infection. This gene is thought to play an important role during the replication of DNA viruses. Further research is needed to determine whether DDX21 could have an impact on the replication of DNA viruses. DDX21 is also believed to regulate gene expression.

The DDX21 gene is expressed in CRC cells. The DDX21 gene is believed to play an important role in the development of tumors in mice. It is also known to influence the metastasis of CRC cells. However, these studies are not yet available for humans. The results suggest that DDX21 might be beneficial in research into cancer. The rodent model is the only one to have demonstrated the most promising usage of DDX21.

Microinjections using siRNAs to target the DDX21 genes reduced DDX21 expression in mice. The levels of DDX21 protein in microinjected Ddx21 siRNA were significantly lower than siRNA treated sister clones. Ddx21 expression was also limited to the nucleoli at the blastocyst's final stage.

DDX21 is part of the DEAD box family of proteins. It is a conserved protein that regulates the replication of RNA and translation. DDX21 connects to other DExD/H box helicases within cells. It also forms a complex within cells with DHX36, a gene that regulates interferon-induced immune response. In addition, DDX21 is present in two forms.

DDX21 could be a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Numerous studies have revealed that DDX21 plays a crucial role in regulating ribosome Biogenesis in Nucleoli. This gene is crucial in colorectal cancer and could be used to treat it in the near future. However, clinical trials of DDX21 will require more study.

DDX21 has also been associated with breast tumorigenesis. This gene is associated with c-Jun activity and processing of rRNA. As we age, mutations in DDX41 increase the chance of developing MDS. So, germline mutations of DDX41 predispose individuals to somatic secondary mutations. These mutations have been found to be strongly associated with secondary AML and cancer of RDX41. In addition, DDX39 expression was positively correlated with cancer metastasis. In addition, the high expression of DDX39 was positively correlated with poor survival and outcome among patients with cancer.

Functions

The DDX21 marker is involved in regulation of HCMV late gene transcription. The knockdown of this gene blocks the expression of late genes in HCMV. This gene can also regulate HCMV DNA production. It is currently unknown whether DDX21 is necessary for viral infection. It can be transferred from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. It is crucial to know its exact function in HCMV replication.

The functions of DDX21 are unknown but it is crucial in regulating the expression of specific genes. It is thought to attach trimethylated Lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3) which is a hallmark of transcription beginning. This protein is not fully understood mechanism but it is connected to the SET domain containing 1 (SET1) and the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) complexes. The SET1/MLL complex contains one of the members of the WD repeat domain 5 (WDR5) which is a very conserved WD40 repeat-containing protein. It is able to form protein complexes which contain transcription factors such as CDK1 or PDGF-A.

Knockdowns of POLRlD or TCOF1 alter DDX21 functions. DDX21 also is linked to rRNA synthesis. TCOF1 and POLRlD knockdowns alter DDX21 localization. These perturbations also alter DDX21 synthesis. The DDX21 gene is required for rRNA synthesis. Therefore knockdown of these genes can alter the functions of DDX21.

DDX21 acts like a bridge between DDX1 & DHX36. It is a component of the viral RNA-sensing cytosolic compound of dendritic cells. It binds to DHX36 through the PRK domain. The signal is then transmitted via its PRK domain to the adaptor TRIF which in turn sensitizes NF-kB. Additionally, DDX21 activates the S100A9 genes, which in turn induces proinflammatory cytokines. The expression of DDX21 may also protect the cells from a number of bacterial infections.

The DDX21 gene is an transcription factor that regulates the activities of several proteins within the body. It interacts with the 3'UTR to regulate the p21 gene's transcription. The relationship is broken through the deletion of this gene. It does not have any direct connection to DNA damage. While DDX21 plays a significant function in controlling RNA synthesis, it isn't known whether it is involved in the development of cancer. It has been proven to be vital for activation of the c-Jun transcription factor.

Expression

The DDX21 protein binds to rRNA during an splicing process. This happens because DDX21 acts like a helicase. It has many functions, including rRNA metabolic and transcription. This was confirmed in two distinct cell types, A375 and T47D, where both proteins are expressed in the same amount. The results of this study suggest both proteins can act as co-receptors in a variety of cell types.

DDX21 is necessary for cell cycle and viability of breast cancer cells. In addition, the presence of DDX21 in breast cancer cells promotes the growth of tumors via two independent mechanisms. This gene could act as an option for treatment for high-proliferation patients. There is no way of knowing for certain if the DDX21 protein is responsible in the initiation or advancement of breast cancer.

The researchers utilized a panel of 187 patients to study the expression of DDX21 within breast cancer tissue. They studied the subcellular distribution of DDX21 through indirect immunofluorescence. They also determined whether knockdown of DDX21 can affect cell proliferation by monitoring cellular apoptosis and processing tests for rRNA. They also studied the DDX21 gene's role in breast tumorigenesis by conducting bioluminescence imaging.

The DDX21 gene is connected to the PGR, a protein that is involved in melanoma. The protein is associated with PGR in both breast cancer cells as well as melanoma cell lines. Researchers also used an easy-to-change site directed mutagenesis kit as well as an algorithm for designing primers to determine the K236R mutant. These experiments, although preliminary, show a corresponding association of the two proteins.

The DDX21 gene is extensively expressed in breast cancer tissues and established cell lines. Its knockdown leads to significant increases in the death rate of cells. RasV12 is also essential to transform immortal fibroblasts using DDX21. There are no conclusive studies to establish the function is performed by DDX21 in breast cancer its expression is linked with the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells.

Potential as a marker for early-stage colorectal cancer

Recent research has proven that Maspin protein expression is a reliable indicator of prognosis for patients with early-stage colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In a 120-case study, high levels of Maspin expression in the cytoplasm were associated with a lower overall survival rate and shorter disease-free survival. The most significant adverse factor in overall survival was also identified as the expression of nuclear maspin. It was highly predictive of 5-FU response to chemotherapy in patients suffering from CRC.

The researchers conducted an exhaustive literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science to identify articles describing the biomarker. They searched PubMed and EMBASE and incorporated terms related to cancer, colon, and screening. They then eliminated duplicates and selected relevant articles for full-text review. The study was also constrained due to the lack of conclusive articles.

Based on their specificity and sensitivity, the authors of the study analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of circulating biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma. SDC2 methylatedDNA, as well as CA11-19 glycoprotein were both effective in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The study's authors pointed out that they'd have to examine patients suffering from colorectal cancer to determine if these biomarkers are accurate in detecting the cancer.

While CD44 expression has long been considered to be a marker for tumor invasiveness, recent studies suggest that it could also be a CRCSC-biomarker. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein which functions as a receptor for extracellular matrices. Furthermore, CD44 expression reduced tumorigenicity in both in vivo and in vitro studies. CD44 is not a marker for stem cells, however.

In one recent study, Wu et al. Wu and. studied two long non-protein-coding RNA (nonprotein RNA) variants NEAT1_v2, having 70.1% specificity and 96% sensitiveness. Both markers showed high specificity, however further research is required to confirm their diagnostic value for early-stage colorectal cancer.

A CRCSC biomarker could be used to detect early-stage colorectal carcinoma. This could aid in improving cancer screening and establish the best post-treatment follow up. Additionally, it could allow doctors to make more targeted treatment choices to patients who are at risk of developing. This is particularly relevant for patients suffering from early-stage node-negative CRC, as they are at the highest risk of repeat incidence.