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- Table of Contents
Plan paraffin-section GNL3 staining around the nucleolar tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). The catalog antibody A03283-3 has an IHC dilution of 2–5 μg/ml; compare staining intensity by cell type (datasheet A03283-3; HPA tissue IHC).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Nucleolar staining in tissue sections (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Nucleolar signal across tissues, including glandular cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A03283-3) | |
| Positive control | Adrenal gland+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Glomerular cells and adipocytes show low staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Higher lung levels in cancer patients (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt; datasheet A03283-3) |
The catalog antibody protocol uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet A03283-3). The published option below reports GNL3 staining in colon cancer tissue sections (PMC5652940).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human appendiceal adenocarcinoma tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A03283-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A03283-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A03283-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A03283-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-GNL3, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A03283-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A03283-3) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet A03283-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | GNL3-positive staining in glandular cells of adrenal gland (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Nucleolar expression in all tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
GNL3 should stain within nuclei, chiefly at nucleoli: HPA reports nucleolar expression across tissues, while UniProt places GNL3 in the nucleus and nucleolus and describes shuttling between them (HPA: tissue IHC; UniProt Q9BVP2: subcellular location). Strong examples include glandular, squamous epithelial, and Purkinje cells (HPA: High). The tissue IHC profile has Enhanced reliability, reflecting consistency between staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC). GNL3 has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9BVP2: topology).
| Distinct nuclear puncta in glandular cells, including colon or breast; surrounding cytoplasm is comparatively clear. | This fits the reported nucleolar tissue pattern and High staining in those cell types (HPA: tissue IHC). Chromogenic IHC may show nucleolar dots without resolving the finer nucleolar rim seen by ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; general IHC practice). |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic or membranous staining, with little nuclear signal. | Treat this as a compartment mismatch and investigate artefact before scoring it as GNL3 (UniProt Q9BVP2: nuclear/nucleolar location; HPA: nucleolar tissue IHC). A membrane pattern is especially discordant with the absence of a transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9BVP2: topology). |
| Strong staining appears mainly in a cell population outside the reported High examples, while expected nucleolar cells remain faint. | Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). Cell identity alone does not prove a false positive: HPA describes nucleolar expression across tissues, and its selected High examples are not an exclusive cell list (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Broad, hazy color covers nuclei, cytoplasm, and surrounding tissue without distinct nucleolar contrast. | Diffuse background cannot establish GNL3 localisation. Review blocking, washes, chromogen development, and the no-primary control (general IHC practice); compare any remaining cellular signal with the nucleolar pattern reported for tissue IHC (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| No visible nuclear signal in a documented High example, such as colon glandular cells or cerebellar Purkinje cells. | First suspect a technical loss of detectable signal, then review the sample and antibody setup (general IHC practice). HPA reports these cells as High, but staining in one section is not a guaranteed intensity standard (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Subnuclear localisation | UniProt reports movement between nucleus and nucleolus; HPA ICC-IF places the main signal at the nucleolar rim, with supported nuclear-body and mitotic-chromosome signals (UniProt Q9BVP2: subcellular location; HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). These finer IF findings should not be required as separately resolved features in chromogenic tissue IHC (general IHC practice). |
| Tissue contrast | HPA rates adipocytes, glomerular cells, and splenic red-pulp cells Low, while several glandular and squamous populations are High (HPA: tissue IHC). Low is not negative: assess contrast against a documented High population and its nucleolar pattern rather than treating a Low population as a blank control (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody evidence | HPA036742 and HPA036743 are IHC Enhanced; CAB020770 is IHC Supported (HPA: antibodies). These validation labels support the reported pattern but do not guarantee that every staining run or specimen will reproduce it (HPA: antibodies; general IHC practice). |
| Detection background | Endogenous tissue activity can generate chromogenic color independently of primary-antibody binding (general IHC practice). Use an appropriate no-primary control and the detection system's background controls when widespread color obscures subnuclear detail (general IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q: What localisation can be expected? | A: Predominantly nucleolar-rim signal, with additional nuclear-body and mitotic-chromosome localisation (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF). This is IF localisation evidence, not an extra IHC-P protocol or a requirement that a chromogenic section resolve each structure (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| A documented High tissue has no discernible nucleolar stain. | Weak detection, an unsuitable antibody setup, or a problem with the section can remove interpretable contrast (general IHC practice). | Check the positive-control section and reagent steps, then repeat using established IHC-P conditions for the chosen antibody (general IHC practice). Compare with the HPA High cell type, without assuming a fixed required intensity (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| The chromogen is concentrated at tissue edges or spread broadly over the section. | Uneven reagent coverage, insufficient washing, or overdevelopment may create nonlocalised color (general IHC practice). | Inspect the no-primary control, reagent coverage, washes, and development endpoint (general IHC practice). Score GNL3 only where cellular nuclear contrast is interpretable against the HPA nucleolar pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Cytoplasmic or membrane staining dominates. | The observed compartment conflicts with the reported nuclear/nucleolar location and nonmembrane topology (UniProt Q9BVP2: location and topology). | Check controls and antibody specificity before assigning a positive call (general IHC practice). Look for distinct nucleolar staining in an HPA High cell population on a comparable section (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| A Low-listed population stains visibly. | HPA Low is a relative staining level, not evidence of absent GNL3 (HPA: tissue IHC). | Do not use that population as a negative-control standard. Compare its compartment and strength with a documented High population, such as colon glandular cells (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Strong color appears in unexpected cells but expected nuclei are faint. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; HPA's High examples do not define an exclusive set of expressing cells (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). | Review the no-primary control, identify the stained cell population, and check for nucleolar localisation before interpreting the signal (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Nuclear staining is visible, but no nucleolar rim can be resolved. | A chromogenic section may not resolve the rim described by ICC-IF, even when it shows nuclear puncta (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; general IHC practice). | Judge IHC by distinct nucleolar contrast in the appropriate cells; use the separate IF/ICC guide when rim localisation needs direct assessment (HPA: tissue IHC and subcellular ICC-IF; general IHC practice). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — High consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Breast | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Purkinje cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Cells in endometrial stroma | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: GNL3 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Troubleshoot GNL3 staining by checking nucleolar localisation, section processing and detection controls (UniProt Q9BVP2; HPA tissue IHC).
A03283-3 has IHC images from human paraffin sections and an IF image from HEP3B cells (catalog image captions). Its listed reactivity covers human, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
A03283-3 will render with its own IHC images from human appendiceal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, colonic adenocarcinoma and gall bladder adenosquamous carcinoma paraffin sections (A03283-3 IHC image captions). Its own IF image shows HEP3B cells (A03283-3 IF image caption).
Which to pick: Choose A03283-3 for tissue IHC: its own paraffin-section captions document EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml primary antibody; the fixative is unreported (A03283-3 IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, A03283-3 has a HEP3B IF image, while M03283-1 is a rabbit monoclonal, clone 19G59, listed for human ICC/IF without an IF image in the payload (A03283-3 IF image caption; M03283-1 catalog applications, reactivity, clone and image list). For cross-species selection, A03283-3 lists human, mouse and rat reactivity, whereas M03283-1 lists human only; A03283-3’s shown IHC sections are human (catalog reactivity; A03283-3 IHC image captions).