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LRRC41 / Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for LRRC41
Plan LRRC41 staining in paraffin sections using the reported cytoplasmic tissue pattern as a provisional reference (HPA tissue IHC). The guide covers the catalog antibody’s IHC dilution range of 1:100–1:300 (datasheet A30736), controls and staining assessment.
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
LRRC41 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Cytoplasmic signal in colon glands and lung macrophages (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A30736) | |
| Positive control | Breast+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Tissue staining awaits external verification (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation unreported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms listed; epitope impact unknown (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended LRRC41 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol and two published LRRC41 IHC protocols provide starting conditions for paraffin section staining (datasheet A30736; PMC10773795; PMC13555846).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A30736) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A30736); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 (datasheet A30736); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-LRRC41, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A30736) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (standard) |
| Detection | HRP-polymer secondary, DAB chromogen 5–10 min (standard) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | LRRC41-positive staining in myoepithelial cells of breast (HPA tissue IHC: Medium). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated Tris-EDTA retrieval at pH 9.0 (datasheet A30736); neither published excerpt specifies retrieval (PMC10773795; PMC13555846).
Section 2
What Is the Expected LRRC41 Staining Pattern?
For paraffin-section IHC, expect predominantly cytoplasmic LRRC41 staining in many tissues, including colon glandular cells and lung macrophages with medium reported intensity (HPA tissue IHC). LRRC41 has no annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15345 topology). Treat this as a provisional pattern: the tissue IHC result is rated Uncertain, while separate ICC-IF data show approved nuclear-body and nucleoplasmic localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular).
| Cytoplasmic signal in colon glandular cells or lung macrophages, with discernible cell boundaries. | This fits the reported medium staining and broad cytoplasmic tissue profile (HPA tissue IHC). Compare positive cells with nearby cells and controls; medium is an HPA category, not a calibrated intensity threshold. Because tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain, matching the pattern alone does not establish antibody specificity (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly membranous or extracellular signal, with little cytoplasmic staining. | This conflicts with the reported cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC) and the absence of an annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15345 topology). Consider nonspecific deposition or detection artefact and repeat with controls. Nuclear puncta alone need separate assessment: approved ICC-IF images place LRRC41 in nuclear bodies (HPA subcellular). |
| Strong staining in adipocytes or adrenal glandular cells, especially when expected positive cells are weak. | Those cell populations are listed as Not detected, whereas colon glandular cells and lung macrophages are Medium (HPA tissue IHC). Review cell identification, cross-reactivity, and endogenous chromogen-generating activity using appropriate controls (general IHC practice). A Not detected HPA entry is an observation with Uncertain IHC reliability, not proof of biological absence (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse color across tissue, blank areas, or many cell types without clear cellular localization. | A uniform haze is hard to reconcile with a readable cytoplasmic cellular pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Background can arise from detection reagents, inadequate blocking or washing, or excess antibody (general IHC practice). Assess a no-primary control and inspect unstained spaces before assigning the color to LRRC41. |
| No visible signal in colon glandular cells or lung macrophages. | Both are reported Medium and can serve as reference cell populations (HPA tissue IHC). Verify that the reference cells are present, then check retrieval, antibody conditions, detection reagents, and counterstain on a control section (general IHC practice). An absent signal does not alone establish absent LRRC41, particularly with Uncertain tissue IHC reliability (HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected LRRC41 appearanceCall positive IHC when identifiable colon glandular cells or lung macrophages show clear, predominantly cytoplasmic staining consistent with the reported Medium category; isolated membrane color or cell-free haze is suspect, and the call remains provisional because HPA rates tissue IHC Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q15345 topology).
| Assay-specific localization | Tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic staining, whereas approved ICC-IF reports mainly nuclear bodies with additional nucleoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Interpret each in its assay context; this record does not establish why the patterns differ. |
| Antibody validation | HPA051941 is rated Uncertain for IHC and Approved for ICC (HPA antibodies). The ICC rating does not validate a paraffin-section chromogenic pattern; use tissue morphology and controls when interpreting IHC (general IHC practice). |
| Isoforms and antigen features | UniProt lists isoforms 2 and 3, several phosphorylated residues, no signal peptide, and no annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15345). Their effects on this antibody's epitope or IHC intensity are unreported; do not infer tissue-specific loss or membrane localization from them. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected positive cells are blank. | The section may lack the identified reference cells, or the IHC workflow may have failed (general IHC practice); HPA reports Medium staining in colon glandular cells and lung macrophages (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm the cells by morphology. Check the positive control, retrieval conditions, primary-antibody step, and chromogenic detection in sequence (general IHC practice). Avoid assigning target-specific retrieval sensitivity from these data. |
| Every cell and tissue space appears brown. | Diffuse color may reflect reagent background, excess primary antibody, or incomplete washing (general IHC practice), rather than the described cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). | Review a no-primary control, blocking and wash steps, then titrate the primary antibody within its documented instructions (general IHC practice). Score only localized cellular signal. |
| Adipocytes stain as strongly as the intended positive population. | Adipocytes are listed as Not detected (HPA tissue IHC); staining could reflect mistaken cell identification, cross-reactivity, or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice). | Verify morphology and compare a no-primary control. Review the detection chemistry and reassess specificity before counting those cells as LRRC41 positive (general IHC practice; HPA tissue IHC: Uncertain). |
| Signal outlines cell membranes or pools outside cells. | This differs from cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC); UniProt annotates no transmembrane segment or signal peptide (UniProt Q15345). | Inspect section edges and blank spaces for deposited chromogen, repeat with a no-primary control, and reassess the staining call (general IHC practice). Do not interpret the outline as established LRRC41 localization. |
| Only nuclear puncta are visible. | Nuclear bodies are an approved ICC-IF location, but HPA describes tissue IHC as cytoplasmic and rates it Uncertain (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). The supplied evidence does not resolve the assay difference. | Record the compartment and cell type, compare the no-primary and positive controls, and report the IHC result as discordant rather than automatically calling nuclear puncta false positive (general IHC practice; HPA subcellular). |
| IF/ICC images seem inconsistent with the IHC slide. | Approved ICC-IF localization is mainly nuclear bodies with additional nucleoplasm; the tissue IHC profile is cytoplasmic and Uncertain (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). | Interpret the images under their respective assay evidence and use the separate IF/ICC guide for that assay. Do not transfer an ICC-IF localization call into an IHC specificity verdict (HPA antibodies; HPA subcellular). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing LRRC41 staining
A30736 · IHCImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tonsil. 1, Tris-EDTA,pH9.0 was used for antigen retrieval. 2 Antibody was diluted at
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132128-LRRC41/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_14640892
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132128-LRRC41/tissue/colon#imid_14640810
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132128-LRRC41/tissue/liver#imid_14640827
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000132128-LRRC41/tissue/kidney#imid_14640820
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA051941; green = LRRC41, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HeLaHuman Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HeLa, antibody HPA051941; green = LRRC41, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for LRRC41 IHC & IF
🧪Run lung first: macrophages should show medium staining (HPA: lung macrophages, Medium). Use adipose tissue as the negative comparator (HPA: adipocytes, Not detected); on the lung slide, assess non-macrophage cells for background staining without assuming they are validated negatives (HPA: positive signal assigned to macrophages).
Positive control tissue: Breast (Myoepithelial cells, HPA Medium)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show LRRC41 in HeLa, PC-3, U2OS, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Nuclear bodies (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include a no-primary, secondary-only control, a matched host-species and clonality isotype control, and LRRC41 knockout material or an antigen-peptide block as a biological specificity control (standard IHC practice). Quench endogenous peroxidase for chromogenic detection in lung macrophages; assess macrophage autofluorescence if using IF (standard IHC/IF practice).
⚠️Feasibility: The selected A30736 paraffin-section caption reports Tris-EDTA retrieval at pH 9.0 and primary antibody at 1:200 overnight at 4°C; its fixative is unreported, and no target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is supplied (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). Retrieval was used in that example, but a requirement for retrieval and the relative ease of frozen sections versus IF are unreported (selected-SKU tissue-IHC caption). Lung macrophage peroxidase activity can complicate chromogenic interpretation (standard IHC practice); HPA ICC-IF images place LRRC41 mainly in nuclear bodies, with additional nucleoplasmic signal, which provides a localisation check for a separate IF assay (HPA: subcellular localisation).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for LRRC41
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Pending external verification. Antibody staining in cells/structures not annotated, view images.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | Myoepithelial cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Colon | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Duodenum | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lung | Macrophages | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Glial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in granular layer | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced LRRC41 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot LRRC41 staining by checking retrieval, compartment, cell identity and controls before interpreting chromogenic IHC signal (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular).
Which retrieval condition should I try first for LRRC41 paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated Tris-EDTA retrieval at pH 9.0 for LRRC41 paraffin sections (datasheet A30736). The selected tonsil image used that buffer, a 1:200 primary dilution at 4 °C overnight, and a 1:200 secondary for 45 min at room temperature (caption A30736). If staining is weak, vary heating duration on matched sections while keeping antibody dilution and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Compare signal in the same cell population and record tissue damage or diffuse background, since stronger chromogen alone does not establish specific retrieval (standard IHC practice).
How should I troubleshoot weak LRRC41 staining when fixation history varies?
Target-specific LRRC41 fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin tonsil caption does not state a fixative (caption A30736). Record the fixative, fixation duration and processing history for each specimen before comparing staining intensity (standard IHC practice). Run specimens with different histories through the same pH 9.0 Tris-EDTA retrieval and detection sequence, then compare matched tissue regions (datasheet A30736; standard IHC practice). Include a no-primary control and assess morphology alongside signal, because tissue damage and nonspecific chromogen can confound a weak result (standard IHC practice). Do not infer a fixation effect from LRRC41 tissue patterns or protein features alone (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q15345).
How should I assess cytoplasmic LRRC41 staining alongside reported nuclear localisation?
Evaluate LRRC41 staining by compartment and cell type: tissue IHC describes cytoplasmic expression in most tissues, whereas ICC/IF reports nuclear bodies with additional nucleoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). UniProt supplies no subcellular annotation for LRRC41 (UniProt Q15345). Score cytoplasmic and nuclear chromogen separately on well-preserved cells, and check whether either pattern persists across matched sections and antibody controls (standard IHC practice). The discrepancy deserves cautious interpretation because the tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain, pending external verification (HPA tissue IHC). Avoid treating either compartment alone as proof of LRRC41 identity (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular).
Could LRRC41 isoforms or epitope accessibility explain inconsistent IHC staining?
LRRC41 has 2 listed isoforms, numbered 2 and 3, but the supplied evidence does not map the catalog antibody’s epitope to either isoform (UniProt Q15345; caption A30736). Check the antibody’s documented immunogen and sequence coverage before assigning an isoform-specific meaning to staining (standard IHC practice). The full-length protein is 812 amino acids and includes reported phosphorylation sites, including Ser155 and Thr327; epitope overlap has not been established here (UniProt Q15345). If staining differs between specimens, compare matched retrieval and detection conditions first, then seek an independently characterized antibody or orthogonal evidence for the proposed isoform assignment (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help evaluate ambiguous LRRC41 chromogenic staining?
Use IF as a complementary compartment check: LRRC41 is reported mainly in nuclear bodies, with additional nucleoplasmic localisation in ICC/IF images (HPA subcellular). For multiplexing in lung, pair LRRC41 with a validated macrophage marker because macrophages show medium tissue IHC staining there (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose fluorophores and imaging channels after checking tissue autofluorescence, and include single-label controls to assess channel bleed-through (standard IF practice). The antibody epitope’s accessibility is unspecified; titrate permeabilisation for intracellular and nuclear access rather than assuming a membrane-facing epitope, since LRRC41 has no annotated transmembrane segment (UniProt Q15345; standard IF practice).
What controls help distinguish LRRC41 signal from chromogenic background?
Compare each LRRC41 section with a no-primary control and inspect staining outside intact cells, especially edges, damaged regions and endogenous pigment (standard IHC practice). For peroxidase-based detection, use an endogenous peroxidase block and inspect a detection-only control before attributing brown DAB deposit to LRRC41 (standard IHC practice). Keep primary and secondary conditions matched to the selected image’s 1:200 dilutions when evaluating its reported pattern (caption A30736). If background remains high, titrate antibody concentration and detection exposure on adjacent sections while preserving the pH 9.0 retrieval starting condition (datasheet A30736; standard IHC practice). Report compartment and cell identity, since tissue IHC reliability remains Uncertain (HPA tissue IHC).
How should I quantify LRRC41 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the scored cell population, tissue area and compartment before measuring LRRC41 chromogenic signal (standard IHC practice). For cellular intensity, report an H-score from 0–300 or the percentage of positive cells at a stated threshold; for sparse positive cells, report counts per mm² (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to viable tissue area or the number of evaluable cells in the same annotated compartment, and keep retrieval, detection and image settings consistent (standard IHC practice). Report cytoplasmic and nuclear results separately because tissue IHC describes cytoplasmic staining while ICC/IF places LRRC41 mainly in nuclear bodies (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular).
When is an LRRC41 positive IHC result convincing?
A convincing LRRC41 result should appear in intact, identifiable cells, exceed the no-primary control and reproduce on matched sections (standard IHC practice). Medium tissue IHC staining is reported in lung macrophages and lymph-node germinal-center cells, while the overall tissue pattern is described as cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). Inspect nuclear-only or unexpected-cell staining carefully because ICC/IF reports nuclear bodies and nucleoplasm, and tissue IHC reliability is Uncertain (HPA subcellular; HPA tissue IHC). Discount edge deposits, necrotic areas and signal reproduced in peroxidase or detection controls before assigning LRRC41 positivity (standard IHC practice). Seek orthogonal validation for a biological claim based on a new compartment or cell population (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best LRRC41 / Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41 IHC Antibodies
A30736 has a real IHC image from paraffin-embedded human tonsil (A30736 IHC caption); both antibodies list IF and Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity (catalog application and reactivity lists).
Real IHC data
Anti-LRRC41 Antibody
Cat # A30736
A30736 will render with an IHC figure of paraffin-embedded human tonsil and lists IHC, IF, and ICC applications (A30736 IHC caption; catalog application list). A13640 will render as an IHC- and IF-listed antibody with Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity, but no IHC or IF image is supplied (A13640 catalog application, reactivity, and image lists).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, pick A30736 because its own caption documents paraffin-embedded human tonsil, Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 retrieval, and a 1:200 primary dilution overnight at 4°C; the fixative is unreported (A30736 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, pick A30736 when ICC is needed because ICC and IF are both listed; A13640 lists IF without ICC (catalog application lists). Both list Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity, while the supplied tissue image documents only human tonsil (catalog reactivity lists; A30736 IHC caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q15345 (LRC41_HUMAN, Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41).
- Human Protein Atlas. LRRC41 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. LRRC41 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the nuclear bodies. In addition localized to the nucleoplasm..
- Human Protein Atlas. LRRC41 antibody validation summary (1 antibodies).
- Targeting LRRC41 as a potential therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 2023 — PMC10773795.
- Ubiquitination-based Classification and a Prognostic Signature Identify the Role of TRIM21 in Sarcoma Progression. Current medicinal chemistry 2026 — PMC13555846.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:16710414 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:15489334 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for LRRC41 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 41). Expected localisation Cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A30736). Validated IHC antibody: A30736 at 1:100 - 1:300 (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Breast (Myoepithelial cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC workflow; specimen preparation unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A30736); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A30736); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Tris-EDTA pH 9.0 (datasheet A30736); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% normal serum of the secondary host, 30 min , room temperature (standard); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-LRRC41, 1:100 - 1:300 (datasheet A30736); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (standard). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Tissue staining awaits external verification (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms listed; epitope impact unknown (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation unreported (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt Q15345, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the nuclear bodies. In addition localized to the…, Datasheet A30736, PMC10773795, PMC13555846. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/LRRC41/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.