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SMN1 / Survival motor neuron protein · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for SMN1
Plan SMN1 IHC in paraffin sections using the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). Compare staining by cell type and account for antibodies that target SMN1/2 (HPA tissue IHC; catalog antibody records).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
SMN1 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Widespread nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across cell types (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M03420-1) | |
| Positive control | Bone marrow+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+3 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across samples. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | SMN1/2 antibodies may detect both proteins (HPA tissue IHC; catalog antibody records) | |
| Regulation | Staining varies by cell type (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 4 isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended SMN1 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody protocol uses citrate pH 6 heat retrieval (datasheet M03420-1). The published mouse liver IHC protocol below reports sample and primary incubation details (PMC13049938).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M03420-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6, 20 min (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Primary antibody | Mouse monoclonal (clone 2B10) anti-SMN1, 1μg/ml (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet M03420-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | SMN1-positive staining in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with citrate pH 6 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet M03420-1); the published excerpt does not specify retrieval (PMC13049938).
Section 2
What Is the Expected SMN1 Staining Pattern?
SMN1 is found in the nucleus, including gems and Cajal bodies, and in the cytoplasm; it has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q16637). In paraffin sections, expect nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across many cell types, with stronger staining in selected populations such as caudate neuronal cells (HPA: ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression; High in caudate neuronal cells). HPA rates tissue IHC reliability as Supported, with medium consistency between staining and RNA data (HPA: Supported).
| Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow or neuronal cells of caudate. | This fits the reported distribution and provides a useful positive reference: both populations stain at High levels (HPA: High in bone marrow hematopoietic cells; High in caudate neuronal cells). Score the identified cells and their compartments, since an apparently strong whole-section result may obscure which cells carry the signal (general IHC practice). |
| Crisp staining restricted to cell membranes, with no convincing nuclear or cytoplasmic signal. | Treat this as a compartment mismatch and investigate an artefact: SMN1 has no transmembrane segment, while the reported pattern is nuclear and cytoplasmic (UniProt Q16637 topology; HPA: ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression). Review morphology and the control slide before assigning such staining to the target (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in adipocytes, despite little signal in the expected positive cells on the same run. | Consider cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, because adipocytes are reported as Not detected, whereas selected positive populations stain High (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes; High in bone marrow hematopoietic cells). That comparison is cell specific: it does not label every cell in adipose tissue as negative (HPA: adipocyte observation). |
| Diffuse colour covers nuclei, cytoplasm, and surrounding tissue without clear cell boundaries. | This does not resolve the reported intracellular pattern (HPA: ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression). Non-specific antibody binding, incomplete washing, or detection background can produce diffuse chromogenic staining (general IHC practice). Check the negative detection control and repeat with controlled washing and reagent concentrations (general IHC practice). |
| No convincing signal in caudate neuronal cells or bone marrow hematopoietic cells. | A negative result in these reported High populations calls the run into question before a test specimen is scored negative (HPA: High in caudate neuronal cells; High in bone marrow hematopoietic cells). Check that the positive-control cells are present, then review retrieval, primary-antibody conditions, and detection reagents as general IHC checks (general IHC practice). |
💡Expected SMN1 appearanceCall a result positive when identifiable expected cells show nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, ideally clear in a reported High population; isolated membrane staining or staining confined to a reported Not detected cell population warrants investigation (HPA: ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression; High in caudate neuronal cells; Not detected in adipocytes; UniProt Q16637 topology).
| Which cells provide a positive or negative reference? | Caudate neuronal cells and bone marrow hematopoietic cells are reported High; adipocytes and ovarian stroma cells are Not detected (HPA: tissue IHC). These are cell-level observations, so use morphology to locate the named population before comparing slides (general IHC practice). |
| Does every positive cell need a nuclear punctum? | No. UniProt places SMN1 in gems and Cajal bodies as well as cytoplasm, while HPA tissue IHC reports broader nuclear and cytoplasmic expression (UniProt Q16637 subcellular location; HPA: tissue IHC profile). Evaluate the full compartment pattern; a distinct punctum is not the sole criterion for a positive paraffin section. |
| Can this staining identify SMN1 alone? | Do not claim gene-specific identification from the tissue pattern: HPA cautions that its target protein comes from more than one gene and rates IHC reliability Supported with medium staining–RNA consistency (HPA: reliability description). The reported pattern supports interpretation of staining, but does not establish which gene supplied it. |
| Does the protein's topology predict surface staining? | No transmembrane segment or signal peptide is reported, and the listed locations are intracellular (UniProt Q16637 topology, processing, subcellular location). A membrane-only result therefore needs control review before interpretation; topology alone does not diagnose the source of the artefact (general IHC practice). |
| Do isoforms change the expected tissue pattern? | Four isoforms are listed—SMN, SMN-delta5, SMN-delta7, and SMN-delta57—but this payload gives no antibody epitope or isoform-specific IHC result (UniProt Q16637 isoforms; HPA: tissue IHC). Do not infer which isoform generated a stain or prescribe an isoform-specific retrieval condition from these data. |
| What should an IF/ICC result look like? | HPA reports supported nuclear-body and cytosolic localisation in ICC-IF; UniProt also lists nuclear gems and Cajal bodies (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; UniProt Q16637 subcellular location). IF/ICC interpretation belongs in its separate guide; these location data do not supply an IF/ICC protocol option. |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| The positive-control section appears blank. | The expected High population may be absent from the section, or an IHC workflow step may have failed (HPA: High in caudate neuronal cells and bone marrow hematopoietic cells; general IHC practice). | First identify the named cells on the counterstained section. Then check retrieval, primary incubation, and chromogenic detection against the run controls (general IHC practice). No SMN1-specific fixation sensitivity is reported in the supplied sources. |
| Colour is widespread and cell boundaries are hard to read. | Non-specific binding, excess detection signal, or inadequate washing may obscure intracellular detail (general IHC practice). | Compare a negative detection control, review blocking and washes, and adjust reagent conditions using the antibody's IHC instructions (general IHC practice). Reassess whether nuclear and cytoplasmic staining can be resolved (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Only cell outlines or membranes stain. | The observed compartment conflicts with the intracellular locations and lack of a transmembrane segment (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q16637 topology). | Inspect the control slide and tissue morphology, then review antibody and detection background (general IHC practice). Do not score a membrane-only pattern as the expected result. |
| Adipocytes stain strongly while expected positive cells do not. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity is possible; adipocytes are reported Not detected (HPA: adipocytes). | Compare the positive-control population and a negative detection control; review blocking and the detection chemistry (HPA: High in caudate neuronal cells; general IHC practice). Limit conclusions to the identified adipocytes. |
| A low-signal tissue is treated as proof that the antibody failed. | HPA reports Low staining in lung alveolar cells, seminal-vesicle glandular cells, and splenic red-pulp cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | Use an identified High population to judge run performance, then score the low-signal cell population in its own tissue context (HPA: High in caudate neuronal cells; Low in lung alveolar cells; general IHC practice). |
| A clean stain is reported as SMN1-specific. | HPA cautions that the target protein comes from more than one gene; a matching location cannot resolve gene origin (HPA: reliability description; UniProt Q16637 subcellular location). | Report the observed cells, compartments, and controls, and retain the gene-specificity caveat (HPA: tissue IHC profile and reliability description). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing SMN1 staining
M03420-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SMN1/2 using anti-SMN1/2 antibody (M03420-1). SMN1/2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human mammary cancer tissu
M03420-1 · IHCIHC analysis of SMN1/2 using anti-SMN1/2 antibody (M03420-1). SMN1/2 was detected in paraffin-embedded section of human mammary cancer tissu
PB9398 · IHCAnti-SMN1/2 vendor antibody, PB9398,IHC(P) IHC(P): Mouse Brain Tissue
PB9398 · IHCAnti-SMN1/2 vendor antibody, PB9398,IHC(P) IHC(P): Rat Brain Tissue
PB9398 · IFIF analysis of SMN1/2 using anti-SMN1/2 antibody (PB9398). SMN1/2 was detected in immunocytochemical section of U20S cells. Enzyme antigen r
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172062-SMN1/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_13029699
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172062-SMN1/tissue/colon#imid_13029625
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172062-SMN1/tissue/liver#imid_13029626
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000172062-SMN1/tissue/kidney#imid_13029635
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB016324; green = SMN1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF A-431Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, A-431, antibody CAB016324; green = SMN1, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for SMN1 IHC & IF
🧪Run bone marrow first: hematopoietic cells should stain (HPA: High in bone marrow hematopoietic cells). Use adipose tissue adipocytes as the negative comparison (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); no cell population on the bone marrow slide is established here as an internal negative, so score cells without apparent signal against the no-primary background rather than assuming they lack SMN1.
Positive control tissue: Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show SMN1 in A-431, U-251MG, U2OS, HEK293, Hep-G2, with annotated localisation: Nuclear bodies (supported), Cytosol (supported) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and concentration-matched mouse IgG isotype controls (hero caption: mouse primary antibody), plus a biological specificity control with SMN1/2 depletion or a validated antigen-peptide block (hero caption: antibody detects SMN1/2). Quench endogenous peroxidase and check residual background in bone marrow before interpreting DAB staining (HPA: bone marrow hematopoietic cells High; hero caption: DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected M03420-1 tissue-IHC caption does not state the fixative (hero caption: fixative not stated). The paraffin-section example uses citrate retrieval at pH 6 for 20 minutes, but does not establish that retrieval is required (hero caption). No matched comparison establishes whether frozen sections or IF are easier; endogenous peroxidase in marrow hematopoietic cells is a potential chromogenic artefact to control (HPA: bone marrow hematopoietic cells High; hero caption: DAB detection).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for SMN1
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Caution, targets protein from more than one gene.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Caudate | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebellum | Cells in molecular layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Glial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Liver | Cholangiocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Ovary | Ovarian stroma cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Soft tissue | Fibroblasts | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced SMN1 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot SMN1/2 chromogenic staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, compartment-specific signal, and cell-level controls (datasheet M03420-1; UniProt Q16637 localisation).
How should I adjust retrieval when SMN1/2 staining is weak?
Start with heat-mediated retrieval in citrate buffer at pH 6 for 20 minutes on paraffin sections (datasheet M03420-1). Check that slides completed the heating and cooling cycle before changing primary antibody conditions, and compare any adjustment on matched sections (standard IHC practice). The selected tissue image used 1 μg/ml primary overnight at 4°C, providing a documented starting condition for that antibody (datasheet M03420-1). Assess whether retrieval improves cytoplasmic and nuclear-body staining while preserving morphology; excessive heating can produce tissue damage that complicates interpretation (HPA subcellular; standard IHC practice).
Can fixation explain absent SMN1/2 staining in paraffin sections?
Target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown because the selected tissue-IHC caption does not report a fixative (datasheet M03420-1). Record the actual fixative and fixation duration for each specimen, then compare matched sections processed with the same pH 6 citrate retrieval for 20 minutes (datasheet M03420-1; standard IHC practice). If staining varies between batches, examine preservation, section adhesion, and retrieval consistency before assigning the difference to SMN1/2 abundance (standard IHC practice). Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining are both plausible, but their distribution cannot establish a fixation effect on its own (UniProt Q16637 localisation; HPA tissue IHC).
Should SMN1/2 staining be nuclear, cytoplasmic, or both?
Evaluate both compartments: tissue IHC reports ubiquitous nuclear and cytoplasmic expression, while subcellular data support nuclear bodies and cytosol (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). SMN also localises to nuclear gems and Cajal bodies, so discrete nuclear puncta can fit the recorded biology (UniProt Q16637 localisation). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic intensity separately rather than treating diffuse nuclear stain, puncta, and cytoplasmic stain as interchangeable (standard IHC practice). Confirm that the pattern persists in intact cells across the section and is distinguishable from the counterstain and DAB precipitate (standard IHC practice).
Can this antibody distinguish SMN1 from SMN2 or individual SMN isoforms?
Do not assign SMN1-specific staining from this image: the catalog antibody and its tissue-IHC caption explicitly describe detection as SMN1/2 (datasheet M03420-1). Four isoforms are listed—SMN, SMN-delta5, SMN-delta7, and SMN-delta57—but the supplied evidence does not identify the antibody epitope or establish isoform discrimination (UniProt Q16637 isoforms; datasheet M03420-1). The Tudor domain spans residues 91–151; its presence alone cannot identify which forms contribute to chromogenic signal (UniProt Q16637 domains; standard IHC interpretation). For a form-specific conclusion, require an independently established epitope and a suitable specificity control before scoring sections (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help check an ambiguous chromogenic SMN1/2 pattern?
Use IF/ICC as a separate localisation check, pairing SMN staining with a marker for the expected cell type and a nuclear counterstain (standard IF practice). Select fluorophores after inspecting an unstained section for tissue autofluorescence, and separate channels to assess nuclear bodies against cytosolic signal (HPA subcellular; standard IF practice). Because SMN has no transmembrane segment and occurs in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, permeabilise sufficiently for intracellular antibody access while preserving puncta (UniProt Q16637 topology and localisation; standard IF practice). Optimise IF/ICC fixation, permeabilisation, and antibody concentration within that assay; the paraffin IHC caption reports no fixative and supplies no IF settings (datasheet M03420-1).
What should I check when DAB signal covers most of the section?
First compare a no-primary control with the stained section to locate background from detection reagents or tissue rather than primary binding (standard IHC practice). The documented tissue workflow used 10% goat serum blocking, a biotinylated goat anti-mouse secondary, a streptavidin–biotin complex, and DAB (datasheet M03420-1). Check endogenous peroxidase and biotin contributions for this detection chemistry, and inspect whether DAB precipitate tracks section edges, folds, or damaged areas (standard IHC practice). Because broad nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is plausible for SMN1/2, call signal specific only when cellular detail remains clear above controls (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify SMN1/2 staining across paraffin sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring, because SMN1/2 tissue staining may be nuclear and cytoplasmic (HPA tissue IHC). For cell-level analysis, report the percentage of positive cells and a separate nuclear and cytoplasmic H-score using intensity grades 0–3 (standard IHC practice). For puncta, report nuclear-body counts or positive-cell density per mm², using the same image settings and threshold for every section (HPA subcellular; standard image-analysis practice). Normalise counts to intact cells or evaluable tissue area, and compare matched regions while excluding folds and necrosis (standard IHC practice).
How can I distinguish genuine SMN1/2 staining from artefact?
A credible pattern can include cytoplasm and discrete nuclear bodies, consistent with the reported tissue and subcellular distributions (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). Compare signal in the intended cell population with a no-primary control and inspect whether staining follows intact cell boundaries rather than folds, edges, or necrotic debris (standard IHC practice). Diffuse DAB deposits without cellular structure, or signal attributable to endogenous peroxidase, warrant investigation before a positive call (standard IHC practice). Finally, interpret any validated signal as SMN1/2-associated rather than SMN1-specific, because the selected antibody is described as anti-SMN1/2 (datasheet M03420-1).
Boster reagents
Best SMN1 / Survival motor neuron protein IHC Antibodies
IHC images show SMN1/2 staining in human mammary cancer sections and mouse and rat brain sections; an IF image shows staining in U20S cells (catalog image captions).
Real IHC data
Anti-SMN1/2 Antibody ® (monoclonal, 2B10)
Cat # M03420-1
Real IHC data
Anti-SMN1/2 Antibody ®
Cat # PB9398
M03420-1 has an IHC image from a paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer section (M03420-1 IHC caption). PB9398 has IHC images from mouse and rat brain and human mammary cancer tissue, plus an IF image from U20S cells (PB9398 image captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section IHC, M03420-1 offers a mouse monoclonal clone with a documented human tissue procedure using citrate retrieval and chromogenic detection; its fixative is unreported (M03420-1 catalog and IHC caption). For IF/ICC, choose PB9398 because its application list includes both and its IF caption documents staining in U20S cells (PB9398 catalog and IF caption). For human, mouse, or rat tissue IHC, PB9398 has images from all three species; M03420-1 lists reactivity with all three but its IHC image shows human tissue only (PB9398 IHC captions; M03420-1 catalog and IHC caption).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry Q16637 (SMN_HUMAN, Survival motor neuron protein).
- Human Protein Atlas. SMN1 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Supported).
- Human Protein Atlas. SMN1 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Localized to the nuclear bodies and cytosol..
- Human Protein Atlas. SMN1 antibody validation summary (4 antibodies).
- Orthogonal characterization of rAAV reveals vector attributes that drive ITR repair, self-complementary genome formation, and transgene expression. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 2026 — PMC13049938.
- AAV9-mediated SMN gene therapy rescues cardiac desmin but not lamin A/C and elastin dysregulation in Smn2B/- spinal muscular atrophy mice. Human molecular genetics 2023 — PMC10549791.
- Identification and characterization of the porcine (Sus scrofa) survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene: an animal model for therapeutic studies. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 2008 — PMC2556073.
- Efficacy and biodistribution analysis of intracerebroventricular administration of an optimized scAAV9-SMN1 vector in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development 2016 — PMC5022869.
- PubMed PMID:7813012 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:8838816 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:9503025 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for SMN1 (Survival motor neuron protein). Expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: Citrate pH 6 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet M03420-1). Validated IHC antibody: M03420-1 at 1μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human mammary cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet M03420-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet M03420-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: Citrate pH 6 , 20 min (datasheet M03420-1); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet M03420-1); 8. Primary antibody: Mouse monoclonal (clone 2B10) anti-SMN1, 1μg/ml (datasheet M03420-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet M03420-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across samples. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: SMN1/2 antibodies may detect both proteins (HPA tissue IHC; catalog antibody records); Isoform / epitope: 4 isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Staining varies by cell type (HPA tissue IHC). Evidence: UniProt Q16637, HPA tissue IHC · Supported, HPA ICC-IF · nuclear bodies and cytosol., Datasheet M03420-1, PMC13049938. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/SMN1/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.