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TSPAN12 / Tetraspanin-12 · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for TSPAN12
Plan chromogenic TSPAN12 IHC around widespread cytoplasmic staining with membrane staining in a few tissues (HPA tissue IHC). The annotated protein location is the cell membrane (UniProt); start the IHC-validated antibody at 2–5 μg/ml (datasheet A05472-1).
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
TSPAN12 Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Predominantly cytoplasmic; membranous in a few tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Widespread cytoplasmic staining; occasional membrane staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05472-1) | |
| Positive control | Lung+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Lymph node+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Tissue staining reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | Expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; check extracellular versus cytoplasmic epitope (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended TSPAN12 IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet A05472-1) is accompanied by published TSPAN12 protocols for nude mouse tumors (PMC9308533) and human NSCLC tissues (PMC5840276).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05472-1) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05472-1); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05472-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A05472-1) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-TSPAN12, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A05472-1) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05472-1) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A05472-1) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | TSPAN12-positive staining in macrophages of lung (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression and a few tissues with membranous expression. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with heat-mediated EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval (datasheet A05472-1); neither published excerpt specifies retrieval conditions (PMC9308533; PMC5840276).
Section 2
What Is the Expected TSPAN12 Staining Pattern?
TSPAN12 is a four-pass cell-membrane protein with extracellular and cytoplasmic regions (UniProt O95859 topology). In paraffin-section IHC, expect cytoplasmic staining across many tissues and membranous staining in some (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Lung macrophages and placental decidual cells show high staining (HPA: High in each cell type). Interpret intensity cautiously: HPA rates the tissue IHC pattern Uncertain, with medium agreement between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: reliability).
| Clear cytoplasmic staining, sometimes with a membrane outline, in the expected cells; strongest examples include lung macrophages and placental decidual cells (HPA: tissue IHC). | This fits the reported paraffin-section pattern: widespread cytoplasmic staining with membranous staining in a few tissues (HPA: tissue IHC profile). A membrane outline also fits the four-pass cell-membrane topology (UniProt O95859 topology). Judge the named cells within their tissue, rather than treating every cell as an expected high-intensity positive (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly nuclear staining with little convincing cytoplasmic or membrane signal (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt O95859 subcellular location). | A nuclear-only pattern conflicts with the reported IHC profile and cell-membrane annotation (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt O95859 subcellular location). Treat it as a possible artefact; check the counterstain, detection controls and antibody specificity before assigning a TSPAN12-positive score (standard IHC practice). |
| Strong signal in germinal-center cells of lymph node or tonsil, alongside weak signal in the expected positive cells (HPA: Not detected in those germinal-center cells). | That cell distribution does not match the HPA observations (HPA: tissue IHC). Cross-reactivity or endogenous chromogenic activity is possible; a no-primary control can assess detection-related signal, while comparison with expected positive cells can test whether the antibody pattern is plausible (standard IHC practice). |
| A diffuse, similar-intensity deposit covers cells, stroma and slide background without a discernible cell outline (standard IHC practice). | This distribution cannot be scored confidently as cellular TSPAN12 staining (standard IHC practice). Review no-primary and substrate controls, blocking, washes and detection conditions; the reported HPA pattern describes staining in cells, with compartment and cell-type differences (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| No convincing signal in lung macrophages or placental decidual cells (HPA: High in those cell types). | A missing signal in these HPA-positive cells raises a technical or specimen-level question; it alone does not establish absent TSPAN12 protein (HPA: tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). Check tissue identity and preservation, then compare retrieval and detection conditions with a run control. HPA's overall IHC reliability remains Uncertain (HPA: reliability). |
💡Expected TSPAN12 appearanceCall a result positive when identifiable cells show cytoplasmic staining, with a membrane outline in some tissues and high intensity in lung macrophages or placental decidual cells; isolated nuclear signal or uniform noncellular deposit is suspect (HPA: tissue IHC profile and levels; UniProt O95859 topology; standard IHC practice).
| Membrane topology and antibody epitope (UniProt O95859 topology). | TSPAN12 has four transmembrane spans, extracellular regions at residues 34–59 and 111–224, and cytoplasmic regions at 1–12, 81–89 and 246–305 (UniProt O95859 topology). The supplied sources give no epitope for the IHC antibody, so topology alone cannot predict which staining conditions will expose it. |
| Antigen retrieval for paraffin sections (standard IHC practice). | If a run has weak signal, compare validated retrieval conditions while keeping controls and detection comparable (standard IHC practice). No supplied UniProt or HPA finding establishes a TSPAN12-specific retrieval requirement or fixation sensitivity; a change in signal needs empirical interpretation. |
| Tissue and cell-type variation (HPA: tissue IHC). | HPA reports high staining in lung macrophages and placental decidual cells, medium staining in several other listed cell types, and no detection in lymph-node and tonsil germinal-center cells (HPA: tissue IHC). These are cell-specific observations; avoid assigning one expected intensity to an entire section. |
| RNA evidence versus protein pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). | Kidney is tissue-enhanced at the RNA level, while the supplied HPA IHC summary rates agreement between antibody staining and RNA as medium (HPA: RNA specificity; reliability). RNA enrichment alone does not supply a kidney IHC cell pattern or an intensity threshold for scoring. |
| Antibody validation and isoforms (HPA: antibodies; UniProt O95859 isoforms). | The listed IHC antibody HPA058244 has Uncertain IHC validation, and UniProt lists two isoforms (HPA: antibodies; UniProt O95859 isoforms). The payload does not identify the antibody epitope or isoform coverage. Resolve disputed staining with controls and independent evidence before assigning specificity (standard IHC practice). |
| IF/ICC Q: should it mirror paraffin-section IHC (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; tissue IHC)? | HPA reports approved microtubule and additional vesicle localisation by ICC-IF, while its tissue IHC profile is largely cytoplasmic with some membranous staining (HPA: subcellular ICC-IF; tissue IHC). They are different preparations and observations; do not use the ICC-IF pattern as an IHC compartment requirement (standard IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in a section expected to contain lung macrophages or placental decidual cells (HPA: High in those cells). | A failed staining run, unsuitable retrieval or detection, or a specimen issue may explain the absence (standard IHC practice). HPA's Uncertain reliability also limits the certainty of any single expected result (HPA: reliability). | Confirm that the named cells are present, examine the run control, and compare retrieval and detection settings under matched conditions (standard IHC practice). Record any lack of signal as an observation until the controls support interpretation. |
| Only faint staining where HPA reports high signal (HPA: lung macrophages; placental decidual cells). | Signal may vary with the section and IHC workflow (standard IHC practice); the supplied sources specify no TSPAN12-specific fixation effect or required antibody dilution. | Check tissue identity, section quality, control performance, reagent preparation and incubation consistency (standard IHC practice). Optimize one IHC condition at a time against an expected positive cell population; do not infer a numeric cutoff from HPA's qualitative level. |
| Cytoplasmic signal is present, but no membrane outline is visible (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | This can still fit the observed profile, which describes ubiquitous cytoplasmic staining and membranous expression in only a few tissues (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Score the observed compartment and cell type as seen, then compare with an appropriate HPA tissue example if membrane localisation matters to the study (HPA: tissue IHC). Avoid calling the run failed solely because a membrane rim is absent. |
| Germinal-center cells stain strongly in lymph node or tonsil (HPA: Not detected in those cells). | Off-target binding or endogenous detection activity may account for unexpected chromogen (standard IHC practice); HPA's negative call applies to the named cells, not every cell in either tissue (HPA: tissue IHC). | Check morphology and run a no-primary control; review blocking and endogenous enzyme quenching when the detection chemistry calls for it (standard IHC practice). Compare the suspect cells with HPA-positive cell types before interpreting the deposit. |
| Brown deposit is widespread across cell-free areas or obscures cell boundaries (standard IHC practice). | Nonspecific detection, inadequate washing or excessive chromogen development can produce diffuse background (standard IHC practice). That appearance cannot establish the cellular pattern reported by HPA (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Inspect no-primary controls, wash and blocking steps, and chromogen development; adjust the contributing step and repeat with a comparable positive section (standard IHC practice). Score only interpretable cells after background is controlled. |
| Different IHC runs give different compartments or cell rankings (HPA: tissue IHC profile). | Run conditions or interpretation may differ (standard IHC practice), while the available antibody validation is Uncertain and does not resolve every discordant pattern (HPA: HPA058244 IHC status; reliability). | Compare matched sections, controls, cell identification and scoring criteria across runs (standard IHC practice). Record cytoplasmic and membranous staining separately, and treat persistent discordance as unresolved rather than forcing a positive call (HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing TSPAN12 staining
A05472-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TSPAN12 using anti-TSPAN12 antibody (A05472-1). TSPAN12 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human lung cancer tis
A05472-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TSPAN12 using anti-TSPAN12 antibody (A05472-1). TSPAN12 was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of rat lung tissue. Heat
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000106025-TSPAN12/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_18147779
HPA · StomachHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Stomach. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000106025-TSPAN12/tissue/stomach+2#imid_18147671
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000106025-TSPAN12/tissue/colon#imid_18147705
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000106025-TSPAN12/tissue/liver#imid_18147706
HPA · ICC-IF HEK293Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HEK293, antibody HPA051570; green = TSPAN12, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
HPA · ICC-IF HEK293Human Protein Atlas immunofluorescence, HEK293, antibody HPA051570; green = TSPAN12, blue = nucleus, red = microtubules.
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for TSPAN12 IHC & IF
🧪Run lung first and expect its macrophages to stain (HPA: High in lung macrophages). Use lymph node germinal center cells as the negative tissue (HPA: Not detected); on the lung slide, compare staining with neighboring cells that remain unstained without assuming every nonmacrophage cell is negative.
Positive control tissue: Lung (Macrophages, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Lymph node (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA ICC-IF images show TSPAN12 in HEK293, HeLa, U2OS, NIH 3T3, with annotated localisation: Microtubules (approved) (HPA subcellular).
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only) and species- and clonality-matched isotype controls for the rabbit primary (selected IHC caption: rabbit anti-TSPAN12; standard IHC practice), plus a TSPAN12 knockout sample or peptide-block control if available (standard IHC practice). Check endogenous peroxidase activity and pigment in lung macrophages when interpreting DAB staining (selected IHC caption: DAB; standard IHC practice).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A05472-1 paraffin-section caption does not state the fixative (selected IHC caption). Heat retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 is a documented starting condition, but retrieval dependency has not been established (selected IHC caption). These data do not establish whether frozen sections or IF are easier; lung macrophage pigment may complicate chromogenic scoring, while the HPA ICC-IF localization to microtubules and vesicles differs from UniProt's cell-membrane annotation (standard IHC practice; HPA: subcellular localization; UniProt O95859: cell membrane).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for TSPAN12
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Uncertain — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | Macrophages | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Placenta | Decidual cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Parathyroid gland | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Spleen | Cells in red pulp | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Germinal center cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Vagina | Squamous epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced TSPAN12 IHC Tips
Troubleshoot TSPAN12 chromogenic IHC by checking retrieval, compartment, cell identity, controls, and scoring before interpreting staining.
Which retrieval conditions should I start with for TSPAN12 in paraffin sections?
Start with heat mediated retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 for the catalog antibody (datasheet A05472-1). The selected paraffin section image used this retrieval before overnight incubation at 4°C with 2 μg/ml primary antibody (datasheet A05472-1). If staining is weak, compare a second retrieval condition on adjacent sections while holding antibody concentration and detection constant (standard IHC practice). Include a known positive cell population and assess whether the change improves cellular signal without raising diffuse background (HPA: high staining in lung macrophages; standard IHC practice). Record heating and cooling conditions so any improvement can be reproduced (standard IHC practice).
Could fixation explain weak or uneven TSPAN12 staining?
Target specific fixation sensitivity is unknown: the selected paraffin section caption does not state a fixative (datasheet A05472-1). Record the fixative, fixation duration, section thickness, and storage history for each specimen before attributing uneven staining to TSPAN12 biology (standard IHC practice). Compare sections processed together, using the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and 2 μg/ml primary concentration as reference conditions (datasheet A05472-1). If fixation histories differ, assess morphology and staining in an independently processed reference section before comparing intensity across cases (standard IHC practice). Neither tissue staining patterns nor protein topology establish a target specific fixation effect (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt O95859 topology).
How should I evaluate cytoplasmic TSPAN12 staining when I expect a membrane protein?
TSPAN12 is annotated at the cell membrane and has 4 transmembrane segments (UniProt O95859 subcellular location and topology). Tissue IHC also reports widespread cytoplasmic staining with membranous staining in a few tissues, but its antibody reliability is uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC profile and reliability). Score convincing membrane staining separately from cytoplasmic staining, and document whether the signal outlines cells or appears as discrete intracellular structures (standard IHC practice). An ICC/IF dataset places the protein mainly at microtubules and additionally at vesicles; that observation can guide review but does not establish the identity of chromogenic tissue signal (HPA: subcellular). Check cell morphology and matched controls before assigning either compartment to TSPAN12 (standard IHC practice).
Can the antibody distinguish TSPAN12 isoforms or membrane facing epitopes?
The record lists 2 TSPAN12 isoforms, but the supplied product caption does not map the antibody epitope or establish isoform discrimination (UniProt O95859 isoforms; datasheet A05472-1). TSPAN12 has extracellular regions at residues 34–59 and 111–224, with a cytoplasmic tail at 246–305 (UniProt O95859 topology). Request epitope information before interpreting a compartment difference as an isoform difference, and keep retrieval conditions constant during that comparison (standard IHC practice). The record annotates 0 glycosylation sites and 0 modified residues; those annotations do not identify what this antibody recognizes (UniProt O95859 processing and modifications). Report unresolved epitope and isoform specificity as limitations of tissue scoring (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous TSPAN12 chromogenic staining?
Use IF as a separate confirmation experiment, pairing TSPAN12 with a marker for the expected cell population; lung macrophages are one documented high staining population in tissue IHC (HPA: high in lung macrophages; standard IF practice). Select fluorophores after checking tissue autofluorescence in unstained sections, and favor channels with clear separation from that background (standard IF practice). Match permeabilisation to the mapped epitope: a cytoplasmic epitope needs membrane access, whereas an extracellular epitope may be assessed without it (UniProt O95859 topology; standard IF practice). Because the catalog caption documents chromogenic IHC rather than IF performance, validate antibody staining and secondary only controls in the IF workflow (datasheet A05472-1; standard IF practice). Compare cellular location with IHC without assuming identical appearance across detection methods (standard IHC/IF practice).
What should I adjust if TSPAN12 DAB staining is diffuse?
First inspect a section lacking primary antibody to identify secondary reagent or detection background (standard IHC practice). The selected protocol used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and a peroxidase conjugated secondary for 30 minutes at 37°C (datasheet A05472-1). Include a peroxidase blocking step before DAB development and check whether background follows endogenous enzyme rich areas (standard chromogenic IHC practice). If background persists, titrate primary concentration and shorten chromogen development on matched sections while retaining the documented EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval as the reference (datasheet A05472-1; standard IHC practice). Judge improvement by cell associated signal relative to matched controls (standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify TSPAN12 staining across tissue sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and compartment before scoring because reported tissue IHC includes both cytoplasmic and occasional membranous staining (HPA: tissue IHC profile; standard IHC practice). For a specified population, record the percentage of positive cells and intensity, then calculate an H-score on the 0–300 scale if graded intensity is reproducible (standard IHC practice). For sparse positive cells, report positive cell density per mm² of viable, evaluable tissue and state the counting area (standard IHC practice). Normalize comparisons to the same cell type, compartment, sampled area, staining run, and reference control rather than total slide area alone (standard IHC practice). Keep cytoplasmic and membrane results separate in the report (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish genuine TSPAN12 signal from staining artefacts?
Check whether staining belongs to intact cells in a plausible compartment: TSPAN12 is annotated at the membrane, while tissue IHC reports cytoplasmic staining and limited membranous staining (UniProt O95859 subcellular location; HPA: tissue IHC profile). In lung, high staining in macrophages means positive cells should be identified morphologically before attributing signal to another population (HPA: high in lung macrophages; standard IHC practice). Exclude section edges, necrotic regions, and deposits that persist in no primary controls from biological scoring (standard IHC practice). Assess endogenous peroxidase background with an appropriate control when interpreting DAB signal (standard chromogenic IHC practice). Treat isolated staining cautiously because tissue IHC reliability is reported as uncertain (HPA: tissue IHC reliability).
Boster reagents
Best TSPAN12 / Tetraspanin-12 IHC Antibodies
A05472-1 has real paraffin-section IHC images from human lung cancer and rat lung tissue (catalog IHC captions). No IF/ICC images are provided (catalog IF image alts).
Real IHC data
Anti-TSPAN12 Antibody ®
Cat # A05472-1
A05472-1 is listed for IHC and has images of human lung cancer and rat lung paraffin sections (catalog applications; catalog IHC captions). Its listed reactivity is human, mouse, and rat, but no mouse IHC image is provided (catalog reactivity; catalog IHC image alts).
Which to pick: Choose A05472-1 for paraffin-section tissue IHC based on its human lung cancer and rat lung images; the fixative is unreported (catalog IHC captions). No supplied SKU has IF/ICC validation, so there is no supported IF/ICC pick (catalog applications; catalog IF image alts). For cross-species planning, A05472-1 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, although pictured IHC covers only human and rat; its host is rabbit and clonality is unreported (catalog reactivity; catalog IHC captions; catalog host/clone).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry O95859 (TSN12_HUMAN, Tetraspanin-12).
- Human Protein Atlas. TSPAN12 tissue IHC expression (reliability: Uncertain).
- Human Protein Atlas. TSPAN12 subcellular location (ICC-IF): Mainly localized to the microtubules. In addition localized to vesicles..
- Human Protein Atlas. TSPAN12 antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Flavokawain B Weakens Gastric Cancer Progression via the TGF-β1/SMAD4 Pathway and Attenuates M2 Macrophage Polarization. Journal of immunology research 2022 — PMC9308533.
- TSPAN12 is overexpressed in NSCLC via p53 inhibition and promotes NSCLC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. OncoTargets and therapy 2018 — PMC5840276.
- PubMed PMID:10719184 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12975309 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:14702039 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for TSPAN12 (Tetraspanin-12). Expected localisation Predominantly cytoplasmic; membranous in a few tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A05472-1). Validated IHC antibody: A05472-1 at 2-5μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Lung (Macrophages); negative Lymph node. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A05472-1); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A05472-1); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A05472-1); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A05472-1); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-TSPAN12, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A05472-1); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A05472-1). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Tissue staining reliability is uncertain (HPA tissue IHC); Isoform / epitope: 2 isoforms; check extracellular versus cytoplasmic epitope (UniProt); Regulation: Expression regulation is not annotated (UniProt). Evidence: UniProt O95859, HPA tissue IHC · Uncertain, HPA ICC-IF · Mainly localized to the microtubules. In addition localized to…, Datasheet A05472-1, PMC9308533, PMC5840276. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/TSPAN12/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.