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Plan ZMYND8 chromogenic IHC on paraffin sections using 2–5 μg/ml catalog antibody (datasheet A06830-2). Assess nuclear and cytoplasmic staining, using cerebral cortex neuronal cells as a high-staining reference (HPA tissue IHC).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in most tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Most tissues show nuclear and cytoplasmic cell staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A06830-2) | |
| Positive control | Cerebellum+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+1 more · see all |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across paraffin sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Antibody staining and RNA show low consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | DNA damage recruits ZMYND8 to chromatin (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 23 isoforms; check epitope coverage across variants (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 (datasheet A06830-2). These three published ZMYND8 IHC protocols provide additional sample-specific conditions (PMC6713802; PMC12032076; PMC10159884).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A06830-2) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A06830-2); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A06830-2); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A06830-2) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-ZMYND8, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A06830-2) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A06830-2) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A06830-2) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | ZMYND8-positive staining in cells in molecular layer of cerebellum (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
ZMYND8 staining can appear in nuclei and cytoplasm across many tissues (HPA: cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues; UniProt Q9ULU4: nucleus and cytoplasm). Look particularly at neuronal cells in cerebral cortex, cells in the cerebellar molecular layer, and gallbladder glandular cells (HPA: High in each). Interpret the pattern cautiously: HPA rates its tissue IHC evidence Approved but reports low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression, pending external verification.
| Distinct nuclear staining, with or without cytoplasmic staining, in neuronal cells or gallbladder glands. | Consistent with the reported compartments and cell types (HPA: cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in most tissues; High in cerebral cortex neuronal cells and gallbladder glandular cells). Score the intended cells against adjacent tissue and the negative control; HPA's Approved rating still carries a low consistency caveat (HPA: reliability description). |
| Strong staining is confined to extracellular material, cell borders, or blank areas of the section. | These locations do not match the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q9ULU4: nucleus and cytoplasm). Suspect an artefact and inspect morphology and control sections. Cytoplasmic staining within cells alone is compatible with the record (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q9ULU4: DBN1-associated cytoplasmic sequestration). |
| Prominent signal appears in adipocytes or ovarian stromal cells while expected positive cells are weak. | Investigate nonspecific antibody binding or endogenous detection activity before calling it ZMYND8: those cell types are Not detected in HPA tissue IHC (HPA: adipocytes; ovarian stroma cells). A negative tissue observation is a comparison point, not proof that every specimen must remain unstained (HPA: low antibody staining and RNA consistency). |
| A diffuse stain covers many tissue structures and obscures nuclei and cell boundaries. | The distribution cannot be scored reliably as cellular nuclear or cytoplasmic ZMYND8 (HPA: tissue IHC profile). In chromogenic IHC, background can reflect nonspecific binding, incomplete blocking, excessive detection signal, or endogenous activity (general IHC practice); compare a no-primary control before changing the interpretation. |
| A presumed positive section has no detectable stain in its expected cell population. | First verify that the chosen cells are among those reported High, such as cerebral cortex neuronal cells or gallbladder glands (HPA: High in each). An absent signal may reflect an assay failure or specimen variation (general IHC practice); the HPA Approved rating does not guarantee staining in every preparation (HPA: low consistency, pending external verification). |
| Cell and tissue selection | Use a reported High population as a positive comparison, such as cerebellar molecular-layer cells, cerebral cortex neuronal cells, or gallbladder glands (HPA: High in each). Adipocytes and ovarian stromal cells are reported Not detected, so they offer useful low-signal comparisons within the limits of HPA's reliability caveat (HPA: tissue IHC; low consistency). |
| Antibody evidence | HPA020949 is Approved for IHC, while HPA051579 has Supported ICC evidence with no IHC status listed (HPA: antibody validation). Keep conclusions tied to the IHC antibody and the observed tissue pattern; HPA reports low consistency with RNA data and says external verification is pending (HPA: tissue IHC reliability description). |
| Isoform coverage | UniProt lists 23 ZMYND8 isoforms (UniProt Q9ULU4: isoforms). The supplied antibody records do not identify epitopes or isoform coverage (HPA: antibody records supplied); therefore a staining difference cannot be assigned to an isoform from these data alone. |
| IF/ICC Q: Should I require nucleolar staining in paraffin IHC? | No. HPA reports mainly nucleolar staining with additional nucleoplasmic staining in ICC-IF (HPA: supported subcellular locations), while its tissue IHC profile reports nuclear and cytoplasmic expression (HPA: tissue IHC profile). Assess each application against its own evidence; the supported ICC record does not specify an IHC result (HPA: HPA051579 validation). |
| Target-specific fixation sensitivity | No ZMYND8-specific fixation effect is reported in the supplied UniProt or HPA records. If signal varies across preparations, document the conditions and use controls (general IHC practice); do not infer a ZMYND8 epitope or sensitivity change from tissue staining levels (HPA: tissue IHC levels). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| High-control cells are blank. | The section may have failed to generate a detectable chromogenic signal, or the selected cells may differ from the HPA reference (general IHC practice; HPA: low consistency). | Confirm cell identity in a reported High tissue, such as cerebral cortex neuronal cells (HPA: High); check the antibody's IHC validation and run an assay control (HPA: HPA020949 IHC Approved; general IHC practice). |
| Color appears broadly in a no-primary control. | Primary-antibody-independent deposition can arise from endogenous detection activity or the detection reagents (general chromogenic IHC practice). | Review the enzyme-blocking and detection steps, then compare matched sections processed with and without primary antibody (general IHC practice). Do not score control-associated color as ZMYND8. |
| Adipocytes or ovarian stromal cells stain strongly. | These populations are reported Not detected, so nonspecific binding or detection background is plausible (HPA: adipocytes and ovarian stromal cells). | Compare the same cell types in a no-primary section, inspect morphology, and adjust blocking or detection conditions if background persists (general IHC practice). Treat the HPA negative pattern as a reference, given its low consistency caveat (HPA: reliability description). |
| Only cytoplasmic staining is visible in an otherwise plausible positive cell. | Cytoplasmic ZMYND8 is possible (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q9ULU4: DBN1-associated cytoplasmic sequestration), so compartment alone does not establish artefact. | Check that color is intracellular and belongs to the expected cell population; compare nuclear counterstain and controls before scoring it (general IHC practice; HPA: tissue IHC profile). |
| Staining masks nuclei or tissue boundaries. | Excessive chromogenic signal or nonspecific background can prevent compartment assessment (general IHC practice). | Compare control sections and titrate the detection conditions using the selected IHC antibody (general IHC practice; HPA: HPA020949 IHC Approved). Re-score only when cell borders and nuclei can be distinguished. |
| Two specimens show different nuclear-to-cytoplasmic patterns. | ZMYND8 has both reported compartments, and cytoplasmic sequestration can occur through DBN1 interaction (HPA: tissue IHC profile; UniProt Q9ULU4: DBN1 interaction). | Record each compartment separately in the same cell type, review morphology and controls, and avoid assigning a mechanism from IHC alone (general IHC practice). Consider HPA's low consistency caveat when comparing specimens (HPA: reliability description). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Approved — Low consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data. Pending external verification.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cerebellum | Cells in molecular layer | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Cerebral cortex | Neuronal cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Gallbladder | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Troubleshoot ZMYND8 staining in paraffin section IHC by checking retrieval, cellular compartment, controls, and scoring before interpreting differences between samples.
A06830-2 has IHC images from human paraffin sections and an IF image from U20S cells (catalog image captions); listed reactivity is human, mouse, and rat (catalog reactivity).
A06830-2 has IHC images of human cervical cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer, and placenta paraffin sections (A06830-2 IHC captions). It also has an IF image of U20S cells and lists ICC and IF applications (A06830-2 IF caption; catalog applications).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose A06830-2: its paraffin section caption documents EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0 and 2 μg/ml primary antibody; the fixative is unreported (A06830-2 IHC caption). For IF/ICC, A06830-2 lists 5 μg/ml and has a U20S cell IF image (catalog dilution; A06830-2 IF caption). For cross-species work, A06830-2 lists human, mouse, and rat reactivity, though its IHC images show human tissue only; clonality is unreported.