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- Table of Contents
Plan DAXX paraffin IHC around its general nuclear tissue staining and high signal in germinal center cells and round or early spermatids (HPA tissue IHC). This guide covers positive controls, consistent fixation and scoring of nuclear staining.
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Tissue: nuclear; cytoplasm also annotated (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt) | |
| Staining pattern | Nuclear staining; distinct in epididymis, testis and lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet PB9550) | |
| Positive control | Appendix+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Matched tissue-IHC evidence does not establish the fixation claim. Validate the specimen-specific method before use. (selected-SKU IHC image PB9550) | |
| Caveat | Glucose deprivation or oxidative stress can shift DAXX to cytoplasm (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | SPOP promotes DAXX degradation (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | Five isoforms; no extracellular domain; check epitope coverage (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody’s IHC-P protocol (datasheet: PB9550) is accompanied by published DAXX IHC protocols for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (PMC4695492) and canine prostate and bladder samples (PMC12737483).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded rat intestine tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet PB9550) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet PB9550); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet PB9550); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet PB9550) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-DAXX, 0.5-1μg/ml (datasheet PB9550) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet PB9550) |
| Detection | Streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC), DAB chromogen (datasheet PB9550) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | DAXX-positive staining in lymphoid tissue of appendix (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression, distinct expression in epididymis, testis and lymphoid tissue. No signal in the no-primary control. |
DAXX should stain predominantly in nuclei across many tissues (HPA: general nuclear expression; UniProt Q9UER7: ubiquitous). Stronger IHC signal is reported in appendix lymphoid tissue, lymph node germinal center cells, round or early spermatids, tonsil non-germinal center cells, and urothelial cells (HPA: High). HPA rates its tissue IHC reliability Enhanced, with medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA: tissue IHC). DAXX has no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q9UER7: topology).
| Nuclear chromogenic staining in the expected cells, with some nuclei appearing punctate. | This fits the reported general nuclear IHC pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). DAXX occupies the nucleoplasm and nuclear bodies (UniProt Q9UER7: subcellular location; HPA: ICC-IF); discrete bodies may be easier to resolve by IF than in a chromogenic section (general microscopy practice). Score the nuclear signal and its cell distribution, without requiring visible puncta in every positive nucleus. |
| Predominantly cytoplasmic staining with little nuclear signal in an otherwise expected positive tissue. | This departs from the usual nuclear pattern (HPA: tissue IHC). Check whether the signal follows cell boundaries, pigment, or uneven detection before calling it DAXX (general IHC practice). Cytoplasmic puncta and stress-associated nuclear-to-cytoplasmic movement are reported (UniProt Q9UER7: subcellular location), so cytoplasmic signal alone cannot establish artefact. |
| Strong signal appears in cells expected to stain weakly, while expected positive cells do not stain. | Compare cell identity and compartment before interpreting intensity: glial cells in hippocampus and caudate, cholangiocytes, prostate glandular cells, endometrial stromal cells, and cardiomyocytes are listed as Low, not negative (HPA: tissue IHC). An unexpected distribution warrants checks for cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity (general IHC practice); it does not prove either cause. |
| Diffuse color covers nuclei, cytoplasm, and tissue spaces without a clear cellular pattern. | This obscures the predominantly nuclear DAXX distribution (HPA: tissue IHC). Review the negative control and detection background, then adjust blocking, washing, or detection conditions as indicated by those controls (general IHC practice). Diffuse color cannot be scored as DAXX merely because the section contains a reported positive cell population. |
| No nuclear signal is visible in a section containing a reported high-staining cell population. | Appendix lymphoid tissue, lymph node germinal center cells, round or early spermatids, tonsil non-germinal center cells, and urothelial cells are reported High (HPA: tissue IHC). Confirm that the intended cells are present and assess the run controls before inferring loss of DAXX (general IHC practice). HPA staining levels are observations, not a guarantee for every specimen or antibody. |
| Tissue and cell selection | DAXX is described as ubiquitous (UniProt Q9UER7: tissue specificity), but observed IHC intensity varies by cell population (HPA: High, Medium, and Low tissue entries). Use the named cell population when choosing and reading a control; a Low entry is not a negative control (HPA: tissue IHC). |
| Antibody-specific evidence | IHC validation differs among listed antibodies: CAB002224 and CAB025546 are Enhanced, while HPA008736 is Supported (HPA: antibody validation). Those ratings describe the listed antibodies; they do not transfer automatically to another reagent or establish the pattern in every specimen. |
| Subcellular context and stress | Nucleoplasm and nuclear bodies are supported by ICC-IF (HPA: subcellular); UniProt also reports nucleoli, cytoplasmic puncta, and movement to cytoplasm after glucose deprivation or oxidative stress (UniProt Q9UER7: subcellular location). Record the experimental context when evaluating an atypical cytoplasmic pattern. |
| Isoforms and epitope coverage | Five isoforms are listed (UniProt Q9UER7: isoforms). The supplied record gives no epitope position or isoform coverage for the antibody, so it cannot predict whether staining represents every isoform. Check reagent-specific epitope information before making an isoform claim (general IHC practice). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Expected positive cells show no nuclear staining. | The section may lack the intended cell population, or the IHC run may have failed (general IHC practice); the HPA High designation alone does not diagnose the cause (HPA: tissue IHC). | Verify the cells on the counterstain, inspect run controls, and review the antibody dilution, antigen retrieval, and detection steps against the reagent's validated IHC instructions (general IHC practice). |
| Nuclear staining is faint but the run control works. | The sampled cells may belong to a lower-staining population: HPA reports Medium and Low as well as High cell groups (HPA: tissue IHC). Section and detection conditions can also affect visible contrast (general IHC practice). | Identify the cells being scored, compare like cell populations, and optimize detection conditions within the antibody's validated IHC instructions (general IHC practice). Do not score a Low HPA entry as necessarily absent. |
| Most color is cytoplasmic. | This is atypical for the general nuclear IHC profile (HPA: tissue IHC), although UniProt reports cytoplasmic puncta and stress-associated redistribution (UniProt Q9UER7: subcellular location). | Check nuclear and cytoplasmic boundaries, review negative controls and the experimental stress context, then repeat with controlled detection conditions if the compartment remains uncertain (general IHC practice). |
| Signal appears in an unexpected cell population. | Cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity may mimic immunostaining (general IHC practice). HPA Low populations can still stain, so unexpected intensity alone does not identify a false positive (HPA: tissue IHC). | Confirm cell identity, compare compartment and negative control, and assess endogenous detection background using the laboratory's routine controls (general IHC practice). |
| Background makes nuclear scoring difficult. | Diffuse detection background can conceal the nuclear pattern (general IHC practice; HPA: general nuclear expression). The supplied sources do not identify a DAXX-specific background mechanism. | Inspect the negative control and tissue spaces; adjust blocking, washing, or detection exposure according to the control pattern (general IHC practice). Score only cellular signal that remains distinguishable from background. |
| IF/ICC: what pattern should be expected? | HPA reports nucleoplasm and nuclear bodies as enhanced locations, with Enhanced ICC validation for HPA008797 and HPA065779 (HPA: subcellular; HPA: antibody validation). | Look for nucleoplasmic signal with nuclear bodies and assess the compartment against controls (HPA: subcellular; general IF practice). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for procedure choices; these ICC findings do not supply an IHC protocol. |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Round or early spermatids | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Non-germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Urinary bladder | Urothelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: DAXX is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Troubleshoot DAXX staining by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, controls and scoring in matched paraffin sections (datasheet PB9550; HPA subcellular).
The catalog includes IHC data from paraffin-embedded rat intestine and IF/ICC data from HeLa and U2OS cells (catalog figures: PB9550, A00439, PA1809).
PB9550 shows IHC staining in paraffin-embedded rat intestine, while A00439 shows ICC staining in HeLa cells (catalog figures: PB9550, A00439). PA1809 shows IF staining in U2OS cells (catalog figure: PA1809).
Which to pick: For tissue IHC, choose PB9550: its own image documents paraffin-embedded rat intestine, EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0, and 1 μg/mL primary antibody; the fixative is unreported (catalog figure: PB9550). For IF/ICC, choose A00439 for HeLa cells or PA1809 for U2OS cells, as shown in their respective figures (catalog figures: A00439, PA1809). For cross-species planning, PB9550 lists Human, Mouse, and Rat reactivity with IHC and IF applications, while PA1809 lists those species with IF and ICC applications; confirm staining in each intended sample because PB9550’s cited IHC figure shows rat intestine (catalog applications/reactivity: PB9550, PA1809; catalog figure: PB9550).