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- Table of Contents
Facts about Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog.
The cohesin complex apparently forms a large proteinaceous ring within which sister chromatids can be trapped. In metaphase-anaphase transition, this protein is cleaved by separase/ESPL1 and dissociates from chromatin, allowing sister chromatids to segregate.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | RAD21 |
Uniprot: | O60216 |
Entrez: | 5885 |
Belongs to: |
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rad21 family |
double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog; hHR21FLJ25655; HR21; KIAA0078RAD21 (S. pombe) homolog; MCD1; Nuclear matrix protein 1; NXP-1; NXP1HRAD21; protein involved in DNA double-strand break repair; RAD21 homolog (S. pombe); SCC1 homolog; SCC1FLJ40596
Mass (kDA):
71.69 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 8q24.11 |
Sequence: | 8; NC_000008.11 (116845934..116874776, complement) |
[Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog]: Nucleus. Nucleus matrix. Chromosome. Chromosome, centromere. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, spindle pole. Associates with chromatin (PubMed:11590136, PubMed:11073952). Before prophase, scattered along chromosome arms (PubMed:11073952). During prophase and prometaphase, most cohesins dissociate from the arms of condensing chromosome, possibly through PLK1-mediated phosphorylation (PubMed:11931760). A small amount of cohesin remains in centromeric regions and is removed from chromosomes only at the onset of anaphase. At anaphase, cleavage by separase
Boster Bio: The RAD21 gene and protein have been a hot topic in recent years, as it has a role in regulating the structure of chromosomes. This article aims at providing information about RAD21 as well as its uses in scientific communities. Boster's work has earned him a nickname, "he who converts scientific knowledge in the lavatory."
RAD21, also known by the RAD21 genes, is a transcription element that regulates the structure and function of chromosomes during cell differentiation. During the initial stages in cell division, DNA of each chromosome can be arranged into sister and attached to each other. The cohesin-binding protein that holds sister chromatids in place is the RAD21 Protein. It plays an important role in stabilizing a cell's genetic information, repairing damaged DNA, and regulating the activity of certain genes.
The RAD21 protein is a highly abundant and important component of the cell cycle. It is involved for homologous repair of chromosomes, which is crucial for cell division and stability. The RAD21 protein is known to have three binding domains that interact with the proteins SMC3 and STAG1/2. It also contains a LPE-required LPE motif for rapid cleavage of the enzyme Separase. It also has two bipartite nuclear localization signals as predicted by the cNLS Mapper. The RAD21 protein also has four cleavage locations and an acidic stretch.
Boster Bio RAD21 antibody, catalog number: A01864-2 is designed to react with Human RAD21 proteins and Mouse RAD21 proteins. This antibody is suitable for research and diagnostic applications. It can be stored at room temperature for up to one year at -20°C or at room temperature for up to one month at 4°C. The RAD21 molecule is a component in the cohesin system. Many other proteins in the cell cycle are related to RAD21.
The RAD21 genome encodes the RAD21 proteins. It regulates the chromosome structure in cells during cell division. Before cell division, the copy must be done of each chromosome. During the first stages of cell splitting, DNA from each individual chromosome is organized into sister cells, which are attached one to another. The cohesin that binds sister chromatids is made up of RAD21 proteins. It is responsible for stabilizing cells' genetic information and regulating certain genes' activity.
Boster Bio produces ELISA Kits, in addition to providing high quality antibodies. These ELISA kits detect a variety of biomarkers in developmental biology, neurosciences, and inflammation. Boster Bio has more than 12,000 antibodies that are approved for ELISA, WB and Flow applications. Boster Bio's immunological reagents are available through tebu-bio.
Scientists have been able to understand the role of RAD21 for regulating chromosome structure through a newly developed cleavage system. The Rad21 protein encodes a DNA double-strand break repair protein, also known as Mcd1, Scc1, NXP1, HR21, and KIAA0078. It is a highly conserved multisubunit-complex involved in sister chromatid fusion.
The RAD21 genes are located in a centric heterochromatin of chromosome 3L. This mutation was created through the remobilization of the P element at a location 4 kb upstream of Rad21's transcriptional begin. The protein was found to regulate a number of chromosomes structures in tissue microarrays obtained from HCC patients. CLL patients were found to have cytogenetic findings related to their methylation status. HCC cells suffered from reduced proliferation and viability due to inhibition of the protein.
Rad21 RNAi knockdown partially suppressed wing nitching in ctk mice. The RNAi knockdown of Cut in mice reduced the level of the protein along the DV boundary. These results suggest that Rad21 regulates Cut transcription and mts regulatesVtd. If Vtd and mts can be knocked together, RAD21 could regulate DV chromatin organization.
RNAi knockdown of Rad21 has similar effects in mice and flies. It led to an increase of SA mRNA levels in mice, which suggests that RNAi RAD21 has an effect on chromosome structures. However, Drosophila does not seem to have evidence of this. But, if it does happen, the effect vtd knockdown in a mouse is similar that in a cell of a person.
In fruit flies, cleavage of Rad21 has lethal consequences. Rad21 cleavage causes massive chromosome missegregation in proliferating cells. It does however not affect the disaggregation and reorganization of polytene DNA chromosomes. In postmitotic neurons it abolishes developmentally-controlled pruning. In larval cells it causes abnormal locomotion.
Cohesin is a structural component in chromosomes and RAD21 is involved. It regulates sister cell attachment and functions on spindle and centrosomes. Activation of RAD21 by ER stress also correlates with strong transcriptional activation. However, it is still not clear what molecular mechanisms underlie these interactions.
While cohesin, a conserved protein in eukaryotes is released from chromatin in two steps during metazoan withosis. The first step involves the cleavage of Rad21/Scc1 during anaphase, while the second step occurs during the metaphase/prometaphase phase.
PMID: 8812457 by McKay M.J., et al. Sequence conservation of the rad21 Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA double-strand break repair gene in human and mouse.
PMID: 10931856 by Losada A., et al. Identification and characterization of SA/Scc3p subunits in the Xenopus and human cohesin complexes.