TTM treatment reduces ROS level in HK-2 cells stimulated with COM. (A) Representative images of ROS detected by DCFH-DA staining in HK-2 cells under COM and TTM treatments, viewed by fluorescence microscopy; (B) Representative flow cytometry images for ROS detection under the same conditions; (C) Quantification of ROS levels by flow cytometry across groups; (D) LDH levels in HK-2 cell supernatants for each treatment; (E) MDA levels in HK-2 cell supernatants for each treatment; (F) The WB analysis of ROS-related proteins (NOX2, CAT, SOD2, and GAPDH). Data presentation: values are mean with standard error. NC, normal control; COM, calcium oxalate monohydrate; TTM, tetrathiomolybdate; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NOX2, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2; CAT, catalase; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ∗ p<0.05, ∗∗ p<0.01, ∗∗∗ p<0.001.
Index in Asian Journal of Urology under a CC BY license. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2025.06.006