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- Table of Contents
Plan paraffin-section HDAC2 staining around the general nuclear pattern and cytoplasmic staining seen in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC). Start the catalog antibody at 2–5 μg/mL and assess chromogenic staining across consistently fixed sections (datasheet A00325-3; standard IHC practice).
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
| Expected localisation | Predominantly nuclear; cytoplasmic in some tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | General nuclear staining, with cytoplasm in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A00325-3) | |
| Positive control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | None in HPA (detected in all 45 tissues); use no-primary + isotype controls |
| Fixation | Keep fixation conditions consistent across sections (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Staining and RNA expression have medium consistency (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Regulation | No specific expression regulator reported (UniProt) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 2 isoforms; epitope coverage is unspecified (UniProt) |
The catalog antibody uses EDTA retrieval (datasheet A00325-3). The two published paraffin IHC protocols below use citrate retrieval (PMC12516541; PMC8572779).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A00325-3) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A00325-3); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A00325-3); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A00325-3) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-HDAC2, 2-5μg/ml (datasheet A00325-3) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A00325-3) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A00325-3) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | HDAC2-positive staining in adipocytes of adipose tissue (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: General nuclear expression, accompanied by cytoplasmic expression in several tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
HDAC2 should stain nuclei across many cell types, with cytoplasmic staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC: Supported; medium consistency with RNA). Nucleoplasmic localization is independently supported by ICC-IF (HPA subcellular). Nuclear staining fits its chromatin-associated function and nuclear localization; cytoplasmic localization is also annotated (UniProt Q92769). HDAC2 has no transmembrane segment, so a membrane-restricted pattern is unexpected (UniProt Q92769 topology).
| Nuclear staining in adipocytes, marrow hematopoietic cells, or bronchial respiratory epithelium. | These cell populations have high IHC staining in the HPA record (HPA tissue IHC). Judge the result by the stained cells and their compartment, alongside the section controls; HPA reports general nuclear expression, with cytoplasmic staining in several tissues (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Predominantly membrane staining, with little or no nuclear signal. | A membrane-restricted pattern conflicts with supported nucleoplasmic localization and the absence of a transmembrane segment (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q92769 topology). Check morphology and controls, then investigate nonspecific staining or detection artefact before assigning this signal to HDAC2 (general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining in an unexpected cell population, especially without nuclear staining in expected cells. | Consider antibody cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity, but do not infer either from one field (general IHC practice). HDAC2 is widely expressed, and HPA reports cytoplasmic expression in several tissues, so an unfamiliar positive cell type alone does not establish an artefact (UniProt Q92769; HPA tissue IHC). |
| Diffuse color over nuclei, cytoplasm, and spaces between cells. | A poorly separated signal is difficult to score as HDAC2 localization (general IHC practice). Compare a no-primary control and assess blocking, washing, and chromogen development; diffuse staining alone cannot establish target expression (general IHC practice). |
| No staining in a section expected to contain strongly positive cells. | First check tissue identity and the positive control, then review the IHC workflow (general IHC practice). HPA records high staining in bone marrow hematopoietic cells and adipocytes, but its tissue IHC reliability is Supported with medium RNA agreement; a blank section alone cannot establish HDAC2 absence (HPA tissue IHC). |
| Compartment and function | HPA reports general nuclear IHC staining and supported nucleoplasmic ICC-IF localization (HPA tissue IHC; HPA subcellular). HDAC2 acts in chromatin-associated deacetylase complexes, supporting a nuclear expectation; UniProt also annotates cytoplasm, so cytoplasmic signal needs context rather than automatic rejection (UniProt Q92769). |
| Tissue and cell context | High staining is reported in adipocytes, marrow hematopoietic cells, bronchial respiratory epithelium, and several other listed populations; liver cholangiocytes are listed as low (HPA tissue IHC). Use these as relative interpretation anchors, not as proof that all other cells must be negative (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt Q92769: widely expressed). |
| Antibody evidence | Two listed antibodies, HPA011727 and CAB005054, have Supported IHC status (HPA antibodies). That status supports using HPA patterns as a reference, while the tissue profile has only medium consistency with RNA; it does not validate every signal from a different catalog antibody or establish identical staining across preparations (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Protein forms and epitope claims | UniProt annotates two isoforms, a single chain spanning residues 1–488, no signal peptide or propeptide, and no transmembrane segment (UniProt Q92769). Without an antibody epitope map, these facts cannot establish which isoforms the catalog antibody detects or predict an isoform-specific staining pattern (UniProt Q92769; general IHC practice). |
| Retrieval and detection | Target-specific fixation effects are not established by the supplied assay evidence. Verify with a matched IHC source before attributing a result to fixation. |
| IF/ICC Q&A | Q: Where should HDAC2 appear in IF/ICC? A: Primarily in the nucleoplasm, which HPA marks as supported; UniProt also annotates cytoplasm (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q92769). Use the separate IF/ICC guide for that application's workflow; the ICC-IF localization record does not supply a paraffin IHC protocol (HPA subcellular). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| Nuclei are blank in a known-positive control. | The staining run, tissue identity, or antibody performance may need review; one blank section cannot establish biological absence (general IHC practice). | Verify the control contains a listed high-staining population, then inspect the run's retrieval, primary antibody, detection, and counterstain steps (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Color is strongest at cell membranes. | Membrane-restricted staining does not fit the supported nucleoplasmic pattern or UniProt topology (HPA subcellular; UniProt Q92769). | Compare a no-primary control, inspect section morphology, and reassess antibody-specific and detection-related background before scoring those cells positive (general IHC practice). |
| Cytoplasmic color accompanies nuclear staining. | Cytoplasmic HDAC2 is annotated, and HPA observes cytoplasmic IHC staining in several tissues (UniProt Q92769; HPA tissue IHC). | Score nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments separately, compare with controls, and describe the observed distribution; avoid calling the cytoplasmic component artefactual solely because it is extranuclear (general IHC practice). |
| Unexpected cells stain more strongly than the anticipated population. | The pattern could reflect broad expression, cross-reactivity, or endogenous detection activity; the image alone cannot distinguish them (UniProt Q92769; general IHC practice). | Check tissue identity and cell morphology, compare HPA's cell-specific examples, and use a no-primary control to assess detection-derived color (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Diffuse background obscures nuclear boundaries. | Background may arise from incomplete blocking, washing, or detection control; the supplied sources do not identify an HDAC2-specific cause (general IHC practice). | Review the no-primary control, blocking and wash steps, and chromogen development; score only clearly resolved cellular signal (general IHC practice). |
| A low-staining population appears intensely positive. | HPA lists liver cholangiocytes as low, while its overall tissue IHC profile has medium consistency with RNA (HPA tissue IHC). | Confirm the cells and compare the same run's controls before treating the discrepancy as biology; report the observed pattern and its uncertainty (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Supported — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Adrenal gland | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Glandular cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None in HPA: HDAC2 is detected in all 45 scored tissues. Use a no-primary (secondary-only) and an isotype control instead. | ||||
Troubleshoot HDAC2 staining in paraffin sections by checking retrieval, nuclear localisation, controls and cell-specific scoring before interpreting chromogenic signal.
The catalog shows HDAC2 IHC images in human, mouse, and rat tissues, plus IF images in human cells and rat testis (catalog image captions).
A00325-3 shows IHC in human breast, colon, thyroid, and laryngeal tumors; M00325-1 shows human breast tumor; and M00325-3 shows mouse colon, rat spleen, and human tonsil (catalog IHC image captions). A00325-1 shows rat testis by IHC and IF, while A00325-2 shows human lung carcinoma by IHC and HeLa cells by IF (catalog image captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin tissue IHC, A00325-3 has four human tissue examples with EDTA retrieval and DAB detection; its IHC captions do not report the fixative (A00325-3 IHC image captions). For IF/ICC, A00325-3 has a Caco-2 cell IF example, while A00325-2 has a HeLa cell IF example (catalog IF image captions). For IHC across species, consider monoclonal M00325-3: its listed reactivity is human, mouse, and rat, with IHC images from each species (M00325-3 catalog reactivity and IHC image captions).