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TYMS / Thymidylate synthase · IHC design guide
Design Immunohistochemistry for TYMS
Plan chromogenic TYMS IHC in paraffin sections using tonsil germinal center cells as a positive reference (HPA tissue IHC). Compare nuclear and cytoplasmic staining across matched sections (HPA tissue IHC), and score intensity by cell population.
Evidence assembled Oct 2026 · For research use; verify linked source records and product datasheet before use
TYMS Immunohistochemistry Experimental Design Guide
Expected localisation, validated protocols, controls and antibodies — the at-a-glance facts below, then the full design guide.
Must know before staining
| Expected localisation | Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Staining pattern | Strongest in lymphoid germinal center cells (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Antigen retrieval | EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04320-4) | |
| Positive control | Bone marrow+4 more · see all | |
| Negative control | Adipose tissue+4 more · see all |
Important caveats
Reasons your staining may differ from the expected pattern.
| Fixation | Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific) | |
| Caveat | Nuclear staining may vary with cell-cycle phase (UniProt) | |
| Regulation | Higher in marrow and lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue IHC) | |
| Isoform / epitope | 3 isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt) |
Section 1
Recommended TYMS IHC & IF Protocols
The catalog antibody uses EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval (datasheet A04320-4). Published TYMS IHC protocols provide prostate and breast tissue microarray conditions (PMC4480759; PMC7820961).
| Sample | Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04320-4) |
| Fixation | Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04320-4); verify before use. |
| Sectioning | 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard) |
| Deparaffinisation | Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard) |
| Antigen retrieval | Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04320-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard) |
| Peroxidase block | 3% H2O2, 10 min, room temperature (standard) |
| Blocking | 10% goat serum (datasheet A04320-4) |
| Primary antibody | Rabbit anti-TYMS, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04320-4) |
| Primary incubation | Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04320-4) |
| Detection | HRP-conjugated secondary, DAB chromogen (datasheet A04320-4) |
| Counterstain | Hematoxylin, blue, dehydrate and mount (standard) |
| Expected result | TYMS-positive staining in hematopoietic cells of bone marrow (HPA tissue IHC: High). HPA tissue profile: Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in most tissues, highest expression in lymphoid tissues. No signal in the no-primary control. |
💡Decision noteStart with EDTA pH 8.0 heat retrieval for the catalog antibody (datasheet A04320-4); use the published retrieval conditions when reproducing either study (PMC4480759; PMC7820961).
Section 2
What Is the Expected TYMS Staining Pattern?
TYMS is reported in the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria, with nuclear localization during S and G2/M and at replication forks during DNA synthesis (UniProt P04818). In paraffin-section IHC, expect nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in many tissues, especially germinal center and bone marrow hematopoietic cells (HPA tissue IHC). HPA rates its tissue pattern Enhanced, while reporting medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC).
| Strong nuclear and cytoplasmic signal in lymph node or tonsil germinal center cells. | This fits the reported high staining in those cells (HPA tissue IHC). Nuclear signal is compatible with TYMS localization during S and G2/M; a single section cannot establish a cell's cycle phase (UniProt P04818; general IHC interpretation). |
| High signal in bone marrow hematopoietic cells or testis preleptotene spermatocytes. | Both are documented high-staining populations (HPA tissue IHC). Compare identifiable cells rather than treating the entire tissue as uniformly positive; neighboring populations need separate assessment (general IHC interpretation). |
| A continuous outline of cell surfaces dominates, with little intracellular signal. | A dominant plasma-membrane pattern does not match the reported nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue pattern (HPA tissue IHC). TYMS has no transmembrane segment, though UniProt also lists mitochondrial locations; check morphology and controls before calling this specific staining (UniProt P04818; general IHC practice). |
| Strong staining appears in adipocytes or prostate glandular cells. | Those specific cell populations are listed as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Recheck cell identity and controls; cross-reactivity or endogenous detection activity can produce an apparent positive result (general IHC practice). |
| Broad, uniform color covers cells and surrounding section, obscuring nuclei. | Diffuse background prevents a reliable compartment call (general IHC interpretation). It does not reproduce the cell-resolved nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern described for TYMS (HPA tissue IHC). |
💡Expected TYMS appearanceCall a convincing positive result when identifiable germinal center cells or bone marrow hematopoietic cells show strong, cell-resolved nuclear and cytoplasmic signal (HPA tissue IHC); broad haze or a dominant cell-surface outline is suspect (general IHC interpretation; UniProt P04818 topology).
| Cell population and tissue | High staining is documented in bone marrow hematopoietic cells, lymphoid germinal center cells and preleptotene spermatocytes (HPA tissue IHC). Adipocytes and prostate glandular cells are listed as not detected; tissue labels alone cannot substitute for identifying the scored cells (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation). |
| Compartment and cell cycle | UniProt places TYMS in the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria and reports nuclear localization during S and G2/M (UniProt P04818). Mixed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is therefore plausible; morphology and controls remain necessary to interpret a chromogenic signal (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). |
| Evidence and antibody choice | The tissue profile has Enhanced reliability but only medium antibody-staining/RNA consistency (HPA tissue IHC). HPA lists two antibodies with Enhanced IHC validation, HPA074922 and CAB002784; neither has an ICC validation status in the supplied antibody record (HPA antibodies). |
| Protein forms | UniProt lists three isoforms, a processed chain spanning residues 2–313 and no transmembrane segment (UniProt P04818). The supplied record does not map either antibody's epitope, so these annotations cannot predict which forms it detects or justify a staining difference (UniProt P04818; HPA antibodies). |
| IF/ICC Q: Can this pattern be transferred directly to an IF/ICC result? | A: Use nuclear and cytoplasmic localization as a biological expectation (UniProt P04818; HPA tissue IHC). HPA supplies no main ICC-IF location, image-bearing cell lines or ICC validation status here, so the IHC pattern alone does not validate an IF/ICC readout (HPA subcellular; HPA antibodies). |
| Situation | Likely cause | Next action |
|---|---|---|
| No signal in lymph node or tonsil germinal centers. | These are high-staining reference populations, so an absent result may reflect section sampling or assay performance (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Confirm germinal centers are present, then review the IHC-validated antibody's dilution, retrieval, detection reagents and positive control according to its IHC-P instructions (general IHC practice). TYMS-specific retrieval sensitivity is unreported in the supplied sources. |
| Signal appears in adipocytes or prostate glandular cells. | HPA lists those cells as not detected; cell misidentification, nonspecific binding or endogenous detection activity may explain the result (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC practice). | Verify the cell type on the counterstained section, inspect a reagent-only control and evaluate the detection system's endogenous-activity block where applicable (general IHC practice). |
| The section has diffuse chromogenic haze. | Background may arise from nonspecific reagent binding or detection chemistry and makes cell-level interpretation unreliable (general IHC practice). | Check the reagent-only control, blocking and washes; adjust antibody concentration using the catalog antibody's IHC-P instructions (general IHC practice). Do not score haze as TYMS-positive cells. |
| Staining chiefly outlines cell surfaces. | A surface-outline pattern is discordant with HPA's nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue profile; TYMS lacks a transmembrane segment (HPA tissue IHC; UniProt P04818). | Compare the positive-cell morphology and negative control, then reassess antibody concentration and detection background under general IHC practice. Do not infer a new TYMS compartment from one discordant section. |
| Only cytoplasmic staining is visible in an otherwise plausible positive population. | TYMS can be cytoplasmic, and its nuclear localization varies with cell-cycle phase; nuclear signal in every cell is not required (UniProt P04818). | Score identifiable positive cells and both compartments separately, compare with a documented high-staining population, and avoid calling technical failure from nuclear absence alone (HPA tissue IHC; general IHC interpretation). |
| Two antibody stains disagree in the same tissue. | HPA reports medium consistency between staining and RNA despite Enhanced tissue-pattern reliability; antibody-dependent differences remain possible (HPA tissue IHC). | Compare the same identified cell population, appropriate controls and each antibody's IHC-P conditions before assigning a biological difference (general IHC practice). The supplied record gives no epitope map to resolve isoform-specific detection (UniProt P04818; HPA antibodies). |
Experiment evidence
IHC & IF images showing TYMS staining
A04320-4 · IHCIHC analysis of Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS using anti-Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS antibody (A04320-4). Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS was detected i
A04320-4 · IHCIHC analysis of Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS using anti-Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS antibody (A04320-4). Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS was detected i
A04320-4 · IFIF analysis of Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS using anti-Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS antibody (A04320-4). Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS was detected in
M04320-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TYMS using anti-TYMS antibody (M04320-1). TYMS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human B lymphoblastoma tissue.
M04320-1 · IHCIHC analysis of TYMS using anti-TYMS antibody (M04320-1). TYMS was detected in a paraffin-embedded section of human spleen tissue. Heat medi
A04320-3 · IHCTYSY Antibody (C-term) immunohistochemistry analysis in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human colon carcinoma followed by peroxidase co
A04320-3 · IHCTYSY Antibody (C-term) immunohistochemistry analysis in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human breast carcinoma followed by peroxidase c
A04320-3 · IFConfocal immunofluorescent analysis of TYSY Antibody (C-term) with Hela cell followed by Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit lgG (gr
HPA · Cerebral cortexHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Cerebral cortex. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176890-TYMS/tissue/cerebral+cortex#imid_20884679
HPA · ColonHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Colon. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176890-TYMS/tissue/colon#imid_20882221
HPA · LiverHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Liver. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176890-TYMS/tissue/liver#imid_20882230
HPA · KidneyHuman Protein Atlas IHC, Kidney. Source: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000176890-TYMS/tissue/kidney#imid_20882231
← swipe / scroll for more images →
Real IHC / IF data behind the staining-pattern expectations in this section.
Sample controls for TYMS IHC & IF
🧪Run tonsil first and require staining in germinal center cells (HPA: High in tonsil germinal center cells). Run adipose tissue as the negative, expecting unstained adipocytes (HPA: Not detected in adipocytes); on the tonsil slide, use adjacent cells that remain unstained as an internal background reference.
Positive control tissue: Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells, HPA High)
Negative control tissue: Adipose tissue (HPA Not detected)
ICC-IF cell lines (HPA subcellular resource): HPA carries no ICC-IF cell line for TYMS; derive a cell-line control from the positive tissue's cell type (Hematopoietic cells) and confirm it by RNA or western blot first.
Technical controls: Include no-primary (secondary-only), host- and clonality-matched rabbit IgG isotype, and TYMS knockout or validated peptide-block controls (caption: rabbit anti-TYMS primary). For tonsil HRP/DAB staining, quench endogenous peroxidase and check residual background with the no-primary control (caption: HRP/DAB detection).
⚠️Feasibility: A target-specific fixation window or fixation effect is unreported, and the selected A04320-4 tissue-IHC caption does not report a fixative (caption: fixative not stated). The documented paraffin-section workflow uses heat-mediated EDTA retrieval at pH 8.0; whether retrieval is essential, or frozen sections or IF are easier, is unreported (caption: EDTA retrieval in a paraffin section). Score the germinal center cells separately from surrounding tissue to account for the documented cell-specific staining pattern (HPA: High in tonsil germinal center cells).
HPA tissue IHC evidence for TYMS
Comprehensive Human Protein Atlas IHC scoring per tissue (reliability: Enhanced — Medium consistency between antibody staining and RNA expression data.). Rows are taken directly from the HPA tissue chart — click any row's HPA link to view the source.
Positive expression · recommended positive controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow | Hematopoietic cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Lymph node | Germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Testis | Preleptotene spermatocytes | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Tonsil | Germinal center cells | High | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Appendix | Lymphoid tissue | Medium | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Undetected expression · recommended negative controls
| Tissue | Cell type | Level | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adipose tissue | Adipocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Bronchus | Respiratory epithelial cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Endometrium | Cells in endometrial stroma | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Fallopian tube | Glandular cells | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
| Heart muscle | Cardiomyocytes | Not detected | Protein (IHC) | HPA → |
Section 3
Advanced TYMS IHC Tips
Use the IHC-validated TYMS antibody in paraffin sections with compartment-aware controls and cell-level scoring; the selected tissue caption does not report a fixative.
Which retrieval conditions should I start with for TYMS in paraffin sections?
Start with heat-mediated antigen retrieval in EDTA at pH 8.0 (datasheet A04320-4). The selected paraffin-section example used that retrieval before 10% goat serum blocking and 2 μg/ml primary antibody overnight at 4°C (caption A04320-4). If staining is weak, compare retrieval durations on adjacent sections while keeping antibody concentration and DAB development constant (standard IHC practice). Check that stronger retrieval improves signal in expected cells without increasing diffuse background or damaging morphology (standard IHC practice). The caption supports the stated buffer and pH, but gives no heating time or fixative, so establish those locally (caption A04320-4).
How should I troubleshoot TYMS staining when fixation history is uncertain?
The selected paraffin-section caption does not state a fixative, and target-specific fixation sensitivity is unknown (caption A04320-4). Record the specimen’s actual fixation history, then compare sections processed with the same EDTA pH 8.0 retrieval and detection conditions (datasheet A04320-4; standard IHC practice). Include a known positive section and a negative detection control in each run to distinguish specimen effects from staining failure (standard IHC practice). Assess nuclear and cytoplasmic signal alongside preserved morphology, since both compartments are reported for TYMS (HPA tissue IHC). Do not assign weak staining to a particular fixative effect without a controlled comparison (standard IHC practice).
Is nuclear-only or cytoplasmic-only TYMS staining credible?
TYMS has reported nuclear, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial locations, including the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane (UniProt P04818 subcellular). Nuclear localisation is associated with S and G2/M phases and replication forks during DNA synthesis, so compartment balance can vary among cells (UniProt P04818 subcellular). HPA reports nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in most tissues, with its tissue-IHC reliability rated Enhanced but only medium consistency with RNA expression (HPA tissue IHC). Score nuclear and cytoplasmic DAB separately, using identifiable cell boundaries and a consistent positivity threshold across sections (standard IHC practice). Treat an isolated compartment as plausible only when expected cells stain reproducibly and controls remain clean (standard IHC practice).
Could an uncharacterised epitope explain discordant TYMS staining patterns?
TYMS has 3 annotated isoforms, but the supplied caption does not specify which epitope the antibody recognizes (UniProt P04818 isoforms; caption A04320-4). It also has no annotated transmembrane segment or glycosylation sites, while phosphoserine at residue 114 is reported (UniProt P04818 topology, glycosylation and modified residues). These annotations do not establish whether isoform sequence or phosphorylation changes antibody binding in paraffin sections (UniProt P04818 record; caption A04320-4). Compare the catalog antibody’s documented immunogen, when available, with isoform sequences before attributing a pattern to one isoform (standard antibody-validation practice). Use an independent epitope or orthogonal assay to investigate persistent discordance (standard IHC practice).
How can IF help resolve ambiguous TYMS compartments in tissue?
For a separate IF experiment, multiplex TYMS with a validated marker of the cell population being examined, such as germinal center cells in lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue IHC; standard IF practice). Choose spectrally separated fluorophores and inspect unstained tissue autofluorescence before assigning weak TYMS signal (standard IF practice). TYMS has no transmembrane segment, yet mitochondrial matrix and inner-membrane locations are reported; set permeabilisation according to the tested epitope’s accessibility and verify whether mitochondrial signal becomes accessible (UniProt P04818 topology and subcellular; standard IF practice). Image nuclei and cytoplasm with identical acquisition settings across controls, because TYMS localisation can vary with cell cycle (UniProt P04818 subcellular; standard IF practice).
What should I check when TYMS DAB staining is diffuse?
Compare the stained section with a primary-omission control to identify secondary-reagent or DAB background (standard IHC practice). In chromogenic tissue IHC, block endogenous peroxidase before HRP detection and limit DAB development using the same endpoint across sections (standard IHC practice). The selected example used 10% goat serum blocking, 2 μg/ml primary overnight at 4°C, and an HRP-based DAB readout (caption A04320-4). If background persists, titrate the primary around that documented concentration and review wash stringency while holding retrieval at EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04320-4; standard IHC practice). Judge improvement against expected nuclear and cytoplasmic cell staining, not a uniformly darker section (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice).
How should I quantify TYMS staining across heterogeneous sections? ⚠ ANSWER MARKED FOR VERIFICATION
Define the cell population and analysis region before scoring, then record nuclear and cytoplasmic DAB separately because both patterns are reported for TYMS (HPA tissue IHC; standard IHC practice). For intensity-based scoring, calculate an H-score from the percentages of cells at 0–3 intensity, or report the percentage of positive cells at a fixed threshold (standard IHC practice). For spatial comparisons, report positive-cell density per mm² of viable analysed tissue and document excluded necrotic or damaged regions (standard IHC practice). Normalise counts to eligible cells or viable tissue area, and keep retrieval, exposure and scoring thresholds consistent across specimens (standard IHC practice).
How do I distinguish meaningful TYMS positivity from artefact?
Prioritise reproducible nuclear or cytoplasmic staining in morphologically intact cells, since those compartments are reported for TYMS in tissue (HPA tissue IHC). High staining in bone-marrow hematopoietic cells or lymph-node germinal center cells is consistent with the supplied tissue profile, whereas adipocytes are reported as not detected (HPA tissue IHC). Compare section centers with edges and exclude necrotic regions before calling focal dark DAB a true positive (standard IHC practice). Investigate signal in an unexpected compartment or cell population with another antibody or orthogonal measurement, accounting for reported mitochondrial localisation and cell-cycle-dependent nuclear localisation (UniProt P04818 subcellular; standard IHC practice). A positive primary-omission control points to detection background, including endogenous enzyme activity, rather than specific TYMS staining (standard IHC practice).
Boster reagents
Best TYMS / Thymidylate synthase IHC Antibodies
Catalog anti-TYMS antibodies have human paraffin-section IHC images; A04320-4 and A04320-3 also have IF images (catalog image captions). Listed reactivity spans human, monkey, mouse and rat (catalog reactivity).
Real IHC data
Anti-Thymidylate Synthase/TYMS Antibody ®
Cat # A04320-4
Real IHC data
Anti-Thymidylate Synthase TYMS Monoclonal Antibody
Cat # M04320-1
Real IHC data
Anti-TYSY Antibody(C-term)
Cat # A04320-3
A04320-4 has human breast cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma, lung cancer and spleen IHC images plus a breast cancer IF image; M04320-1 has human B lymphoblastoma, spleen and tonsil IHC images (catalog image captions). A04320-3 has IHC images from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human colon and breast carcinoma, plus IF images from HeLa and WiDr cells (catalog image captions).
Which to pick: For paraffin-section, paraffin-embedded tissue IHC, choose A04320-3; A04320-4 and M04320-1 have paraffin-section IHC examples with EDTA retrieval, but their captions do not report the fixative (catalog IHC captions). For IF/ICC, A04320-4 has a tissue IF image, A04320-3 has cell IF images, and M04320-1 lists IF/ICC without a supplied IF image (catalog IF captions and applications). For cross-species work, monoclonal M04320-1 lists human, monkey, mouse and rat reactivity, though its supplied IHC images show human samples only (catalog clone, reactivity and IHC captions). The selected A04320-4 tissue-IHC caption documents paraffin sections, but does not specify the fixative (selected-SKU IHC image A04320-4).
Each figure is that product's own IHC / IF validation image from its datasheet.
References
- UniProt Consortium. UniProt entry P04818 (TYSY_HUMAN, Thymidylate synthase).
- Human Protein Atlas. TYMS tissue IHC expression (reliability: Enhanced).
- Human Protein Atlas. TYMS subcellular location (ICC-IF): Variation in transcript expression is correlated to the cell cycle..
- Human Protein Atlas. TYMS antibody validation summary (2 antibodies).
- Overexpression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is associated with aggressive tumor features and early PSA recurrence in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015 — PMC4480759.
- FOXM1-induced TYMS upregulation promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer cell international 2022 — PMC8801073.
- Diagnostic and prognostic value of thymidylate synthase expression in breast cancer. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 2021 — PMC7820961.
- Multi-Omics Analysis of TYMS as a Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer medicine 2026 — PMC13092284.
- PubMed PMID:2987839 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:2243092 — UniProt-cited evidence.
- PubMed PMID:12706868 — UniProt-cited evidence.
Immunohistochemistry protocol sheet for TYMS (Thymidylate synthase). Expected localisation Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining (HPA tissue IHC). Antigen retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 HIER, heat-mediated (datasheet A04320-4). Validated IHC antibody: A04320-4 at 2-5 μg/ml (the product's own IHC validation image is shown). Controls (HPA): positive Bone marrow (Hematopoietic cells); negative Adipose tissue. IHC-P workflow on paraffin sections; fixative unspecified. Protocol steps: 1. Sample: Paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue; fixative not specified (datasheet A04320-4); 2. Fixation: Image fixative and duration unreported (datasheet A04320-4); verify before use.; 3. Sectioning: 4–5 µm sections on charged slides (standard); 4. Deparaffinisation: Xylene, graded ethanol series to water (standard); 5. Antigen retrieval: Heat retrieval: EDTA pH 8.0 (datasheet A04320-4); 20 min, 95–100 °C (standard); 6. Peroxidase block: 3% H2O2, 10 min , room temperature (standard); 7. Blocking: 10% goat serum (datasheet A04320-4); 8. Primary antibody: Rabbit anti-TYMS, 2-5 μg/ml (datasheet A04320-4); 9. Primary incubation: Overnight at 4 °C (datasheet A04320-4). Watch for: Fixation: Keep fixation consistent across sections. (standard IHC practice; not target-specific); Caveat: Nuclear staining may vary with cell-cycle phase (UniProt); Isoform / epitope: 3 isoforms; check antibody epitope coverage (UniProt); Regulation: Higher in marrow and lymphoid tissue (HPA tissue IHC). Evidence: UniProt P04818, HPA tissue IHC · Enhanced, HPA cell-line RNA · Variation in transcript expression is correlated to the cell cycle., Datasheet A04320-4, PMC4480759, PMC7820961. QR code links to https://www.bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/TYMS/immunohistochemistry-ihc-guide.